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| the importance of studying children's development |
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Definition
| the study of children's development provides information about who we are and how we came to be this way. |
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| improving the lives of today's children |
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| many factors converge to improve the lives of children |
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| lifestyles and psychological states promotes health and well being and the impetus of caring for the child is not in the hands of physicians but those of the caregivers. research on premature infants has found that massage therapy can facilitate weight gain in premature infants. |
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| changing family patterns, more working parents, and increased use of day care all influence the development of a child |
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| parents are taking greater roles in the formal education of their children, asking questions about curriculum, testing, safety in schools, and qualifications of teachers. |
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| sociocultural contexts and diversity |
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Definition
| the settings influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors. every childs development occurs in numerous contexts |
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| behavior patterns and beliefs passed on to succeeding generations. |
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| compares aspects of two or more cultures |
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| cultural heritage nationality race religion language |
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| sense of membership in the cultural heritage |
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| the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics. socioeconomic statues implies certain inequalities. |
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| the sociocultural dimension that surrounds gender stimulates interesting questions of what is or is not appropriate. |
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| diversity of childrens development |
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Definition
| around the world, the experiences of male and female children continue to be quite different. |
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Term
| resilience social policy and childrens development |
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Definition
| some children develop confidence in their abilities despite negative stereotypes about their gender or ethnic group and the ideology background values and political needs of legislators often shape the social policy related to child development. |
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| once treated as miniature adults many views on how they should be reared |
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| children are basically bad and rearing must provide salvation |
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| lockes theory that children are born with blank slates childhood experiences are therefore important |
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| rousseaus theory that children are inherently good should grow naturally |
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Term
| the modern story of child development |
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Definition
| during the past century the study of child development has evolved into a sophisticated science. new knowledge about children is rapidly accumulating |
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Term
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Definition
| early psychologists and philosophers debated whether the experimental methods of science were appropriate for studying human life. during the 20th century the study of child development expanded to include observational and self report methods. |
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Term
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Definition
| provocative views on childrens development presented by arnold gesell, g. stanley hall, sigmund fraud john b watson james mark baldwin and jean piaget helped push forward the scientific study of child development in the 20th century |
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Term
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Definition
| produce changes in an individuals body |
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| refer to changes in an individuals thought, intelligence and language |
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| involve changes in an individuals relationships emotions and personality |
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| the time from conception to birth |
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| the period from birth to 18 to 24 months |
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| period that extends from the end of infancy about 5-6 years |
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| middle and late childhood |
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| period that extends from 6-11 years old |
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| period from about 10-12 years about 18-22 years old |
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| involves the debate about relative importance of an individuals biological inheritance vs. its environmental experiences on development |
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Term
| continuity and discontinuity |
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Definition
| focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual cumulative vs. distinct changes |
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Term
| early and later experience |
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Definition
| focuses on the degree to which early experiences or later experiences are the key determinants of a childs development |
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| evaluating the development |
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Definition
| most developmental recognize that it is unwise to take an extreme position on the issues of nature vs nuture continuity and disconinuity and early and later experiences |
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Definition
| an approach to the study of child development that is objective and systematic reduces the likelihood that info is based on personal beliefs opinions and feelings |
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| includes the steps of conceptualizing the problem collecting data and revising research conclusions and theory |
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| is an iterrelated coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions about behavior |
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| is a specific testable assumption or prediction |
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Term
| theories of child development |
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Definition
| wide range of theories on child development provide multiple perspectives on biological, cognitive and socioemotional processes |
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Term
| psychoanalytical theories |
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Definition
| psychoanalytic theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily influenced by emotion |
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Definition
| proposed the existence of the id ego and superego three personality structures that emerge and interact as an individual progresses through five psychosexual stages of development |
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| proposed that individuals progress through eight psychosocial stages over the lifespan each stage involves a characteristic crisis that the individual must resolve. |
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| contributions of psychoanalytic theories |
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Definition
| are the recognition of importance of early experiences family relationships personality and the mind on development |
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| include the lack of testability, the use of unreliable data, an overemphasis on sexuality and the unconscious and/or views of development that are overly negative and culture and gender biased |
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| cognitive theories emphasize conscious thought |
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| emphasizes that children actively consturct their understanding of the world as they go through four stages of cognitive development |
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