Term
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Definition
| Traditional learning theory incomplete |
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Term
| Traditional learning theory |
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Definition
| Ignores the role of observation, imitation, and cognition |
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Term
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Definition
| Combines traditional learning theroy with observation/imitation cognitive processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Imitate and observe behavior in repetoire (eg hens pecking, kittens eating unusual foods mom ate) |
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Term
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Definition
| Imitate new bx; may have learned through trial and error, but observation speeds this |
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Term
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Definition
| Monkey pulling chain for food |
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Term
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Definition
| Imitation of rare behavior unlikely to be learned through trial and error |
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Term
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Definition
| Monkey throwing wheat in water |
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Term
| Bandura's studies suggested reinforcement not necessary for ____, but expectation of reinforcement necessary for _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Degree of imitation by children in the Bobo doll experiment influenced by ____. |
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Term
| 4 Factors necessary for learning to occur. |
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Definition
1. Attentional 2. Retentional 3. Motor reproductive 4. Incentive & motivational |
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Term
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Definition
| Expectation of reinforcement predicts actual ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual forms a _____ between observation and performance of behavior. |
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Term
| Factors affecting imitation |
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Definition
1. Characteristics of model 2. Characteristics of learner 3. Characteristics of situation |
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Term
| Characteristics of model (SLT) |
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Definition
1. More rewarding 2. Control/power/dominance 3. Social status 4. Similarity to learner 5. Sincerity |
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Term
| Characteristics of learner (SLT) |
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Definition
1. Dominance (depends on situation) 2. Similarity (age, gender, etc.) 3. Those uncertain of bxs |
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Term
| Characteristics of situation (SLT) |
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Definition
1. Certainty 2. Difficulty |
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Term
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Definition
1. Bxs in pepertoire (socializing, assertiveness) 2. New bxs (hygiene, speech) 3. Adaptive response to feared stimuli (animals, heights) 4. Graduated 5. Participant |
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Term
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Definition
| Social learning theory suggests ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavioral theory suggests ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| I observe my sibling throw his milk and get punished. I throw my milk and get punished. _____ teaches me not to imitate similar bx. |
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Term
| cognitive represtentation |
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Definition
| I observe a behavior and its consequences. I form a _____ of future outcomes and expectancies. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bx not just controlled automatically or mechanically via environmental stimuli (as in early conditioning theories). Cognitive processes exert influence. |
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Term
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Definition
| A choice to behavior. Representation of future action. Does not guarantee outcomes/consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Intentionality 2. Forethought 3. Self reactiveness 4. Self reflectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires cognitive representation in the present of foreseeable future events which motivates behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking about impending pitch and planning how you will swing bat before acting |
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Term
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Definition
| Anticipation of future events guides actions. Transcends dictates of immediate environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-directed execution of course of action. Actions compared to personal goals, standards, morals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-satisfaction, pride, self-worth sustain efforts for goal attainment |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows one to address conflicts and change course. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meta cognition/thinking about thinking. Compare predictive thoughts with outcomes of actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief in ability to exercise control over behavior and environment. |
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Term
| 5 things self-efficacy affects. |
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Definition
1. Pessimism v. optimism 2. Choice of goals/challenges 3. Level of effort expended. 4. Duration perseverance in face of obstacles. 5. Failure = motivating or demoralizing |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which one believes s/he controls rewards |
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Term
| Explanatory or attributional style |
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Definition
| People with same experiences have different response depending on attribution |
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Term
| Pessimistic explanatory style |
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Definition
| Most likely will suffer from learned helplessness and depression |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's explanation for negative events |
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Term
| Three attribution styles. |
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Definition
1. Global v. Specific (like pervasive) 2. Stable v. Unstable (like permanent) 3. Internatl v. External (like personal; locus of control) |
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Term
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Definition
| Negative events are present across all contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| Negaive events remain over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Negative events are the fault of the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| First cognitve-behavioral therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Action-oriented psychotherapy that teaches individuals to examine their own thoughts, beliefs, and actions and replace those that are self-defeating with more life-enhancing alternatives |
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Term
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Definition
| Events don't cause distress, our irrational beliefs about events do |
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Term
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Definition
| Activating event Beliefs about event Consequence (emotions and behaviors) Dispute: Rational belief to replace irrational belief; work hard to change tendency to cling to irrational beliefs and increase flexibility in thinking |
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Term
|
Definition
| All beliefs that upset us are variations of 3 irrational demand beliefs |
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Term
| Anxiety, guilt/shame, depression, people-pleasing |
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Definition
| Consequences for "I must perform welll & get approval from others" |
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Term
| Anger, hostility, rage, aggression/violence |
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Definition
| "Others must treat me well, exactly as I want them to; if they don't they are bad and should be punished" |
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Term
| Self-pity, disappointment, procrastination, frustration. |
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Definition
| "I must get what I want, when I want it & I shouldn't get what I don't want. If either of these happens, it is unbearable." |
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Term
| Three insights to REBT therapy. |
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Definition
1. Beliefs are responsible for feelings/behaviors, not events. 2. We cling to beliefs; they tend to be fixed/rigid. 3. Only continuous work/practice at changing rigid irrational beliefs will result in change. |
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Term
| Unconditional self-acceptance. |
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Definition
| I am a fallible human being; I have my good points and my bad points. |
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Term
| Unconditioned other-acceptance. |
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Definition
| Other people will treat me unfairly from time to time. |
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Term
| Unconditional life-acceptance. |
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Definition
| Life doesn't necessarily work out the way that I'd like it to. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Negative, dysfunctional beliefs lead to depression. 2. Cognitive triad: Self, others, world. 3. Automatic thoughts, rules/assumptions, core beliefs. 4. Cognitive distortions (blk&wht thinking, selective abstraction, overgeneralization) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Black and white thinking, selective abstraction, overgeneralization. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| 5 characteristics of CBT. |
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Definition
1. Time limited 2. Present-focused 3. Structured 4. Collaborative/active 5. Focuses on relationship b/t thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a given situation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Focuses on relationship b/t thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. |
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Term
| WRT client-therapist relationship in CBT, name 5 important factors. |
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Definition
1. Client motivation & expectations for therapy. 2. Therapeutic alliance 3. Collaboration 4. Active orientaiton 5. Balance b/t Acceptance and Change |
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Term
| 8 components of CBT early session structure. |
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Definition
1. Assessment & case conceptualiztion. 2. Set an agenda (collaborate) 3. Give feedback about dx & check in about reactions. 4. Review problem list/goals. 5. Provide overview of Tx structure/format. 6. Psychoeducation about CBT. 7. Homework 8. Inspire hope. 4. |
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Term
| 5 components of later CBT sessions. |
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Definition
1. Review hmwk 2. Review concepts, if necessary 3. Teach new psychoed/rationale 4. Teach/practice skills 5. Assign hmwk |
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Term
|
Definition
Praise for completion, even if inaccurate. -Provide instruction -Practice in session |
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Term
| CBT Basic Content practice skills. |
|
Definition
1. Cognitive restructuring 2. Relaxation 3. Create hierarchy 4. Exposure 5. Behavioral activation 6. Problem solving 7. Assertiveness/communication |
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Term
| CBT focuses on these three things. |
|
Definition
1. Thoughts 2. Feelings 3. Behaviors |
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Term
|
Definition
| Misperceptions, or in failure to see the whole picture in a more balanced way. |
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Term
|
Definition
| These thinking errors and misperceptions contribute to depression, anxiety, and other problems. We can improve life by recognizing and reducing (correcting) such distortions in thinking |
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Term
|
Definition
| You see things in extremes of “black-and-white” categories, rather than on a continuum (sometimes, often, partially true, etc.). EX: After making a mistake, you see yourself as a failure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| You see a negative event or a series of negative events as indicating a never-ending pattern of defeat. When you have setbacks or things don’t turn out well, you think “I’ll always have setbacks”, or “I’ll never be successful”. EX: 3 job interviews but no offers means “I’ll never get a job”. |
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Term
|
Definition
| You dwell on negative details of a situation and magnify them, while filtering out (not noticing) all the positive aspects. EX: You feel bad about your presentation at work because of losing your place in your notes for a minute or so, and forget the positive feedback and how other parts went well. |
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Term
| Minimizing/Disqualifying/Overlooking the positive |
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Definition
| You reject positive experiences or feedback by insisting they “don’t count” for some reason or other, or you overlook positive aspects in yourself or your environment. In this way you maintain a negative belief even though there are positive qualities, options, or experiences that indicate otherwise. EX: “They just said that (complement) because they didn’t want me to feel bad.” |
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Term
|
Definition
| You arbitrarily conclude that someone is reacting negatively to you, without knowing for sure what they are thinking. EX: “They must think I’m a real loser”, or “The boss isn’t talking to me because she’s angry with me”. |
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Term
|
Definition
| You anticipate that things will turn out badly or that something bad is going to happen (as if you knew this for sure) even though you do not yet know what the outcome or future will be. This causes you to worry, to overreact, or to give up prematurely. |
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Term
| Magnifying/Catatrophizing |
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Definition
| You exaggerate the importance of things, such as your goof-up or someone else’s achievement, or you assume something that might happen would be “terrible”, or “awful”, when actually it would not be that bad, or you could cope with it even if it is difficult to go through. |
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Term
|
Definition
| You assume that the way you feel about something is a truth, when actually your feelings are based on erroneous thinking. EX: “I feel like I’ll never get out of this depression” is taken as “I’ll never get out of this depression”, or “I feel stupid” is experienced as a truth, when it clearly is not true. |
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Term
|
Definition
| You have a list of ironclad rules about how you or other people “should” act, when actually such rules are arbitrary or unrealistic. You then feel guilty or “inadequate” if you don’t live according to a rule, or angry if someone else falls short of how they “should” be. You may also believe life “should be fair”, then get upset or feel like a “victim” when faced with the reality that life is not always fair. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Instead of thinking objectively about the specifics of a mistake or “shortcoming”, you attach a negative label to yourself such as “I’m a loser” or to others such as “They’re all jerks”. |
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Term
|
Definition
| You think something someone does or says, or something that happens, is some kind of personalized reaction to you, when really it may not be (or is not). EX: “I didn’t get that job because God is punishing me”, or “No one is calling me because I am such a drag to be with”. |
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Term
| Probability overgeneralization |
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Definition
| Overestimating the likelihood that something bad is going to happen. EX: “If I get on the airplane, I’m 100% sure it will crash.” |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Cognitive change 2. Cognitive de-fusion 3. Thoughts are behaviors, too -Function (eg. avoidance) over content |
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Term
| Classical conditioning; explanatory style |
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Definition
| Some who experience trauma develop PTSD or specific phobia, some do not. Why? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Some who have not had trauma develop PTSD/phobias |
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Term
| 5 characteristics of vulnerability |
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Definition
1. Susceptibility 2. Trait (not state; although vulnerability to them remains constant) 3. Endogeneous (v. risk) 4. Dormant unless activated 5. "Diathesis" |
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Term
| Triple vulnerability model |
|
Definition
1. Biological (genetic, negative affect, low positive affect, anxiety, sensitivity) 2. Generalized (diathesis, early experiences with low perceived control/external LOC, poor coping, shy temperament, parenting style 3. Specific (stress; trauma; vicarious learning; substances; culture; avoidance) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Evolutionarily adaptive to fear certain things (snakes, spiders, heights, enclosed spaces), even though not dangerous now. |
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Term
| Inflation effect (WTR TVM) |
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Definition
| Exposure to trauma doesn't result in phobia/PTSD followed by more intense unrelated trauma can lead to development of ptsd/phobia for first event/stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ways of viewing self, others, world, future and making meaning |
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Term
|
Definition
| Develop during childhood interactions and influence memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lie dormant until activated by experience leading to faulty infor processing |
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Term
|
Definition
| If have many negative experiences during childhood, ___ develop that guide attention to enhance and recall negative events. |
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Term
|
Definition
| These differentially activate dysfunctional schemas and matching content |
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Term
|
Definition
| These schemas are activated by criticism and rejection |
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Term
|
Definition
| These schemas are activated by perceived danger, etc. |
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Term
| Four basic emotions of the cognitive model. |
|
Definition
1. Saddness 2. Happiness/elation 3. Fear/anxiety 4. Anger |
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Term
|
Definition
| Appraisal of loss, deprivation, defeat |
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|
Term
| Cognitive model: Happiness |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Cognitive model: Fear/anxiety |
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Definition
| Appraisal of danger/vulnerability |
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Term
|
Definition
| Appraisal of offense/injustice |
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Term
| Three levels of the cognitive model |
|
Definition
1. Automatic thoughts/simple schemas 2. Rules and assumptions (Should, must, ought, if.. then..) 3. Core beliefs (absolute statements) |
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Term
| Three types of schemas WRT Cognitive Model |
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Definition
1. Danger schemas: Phobias 2. Interpersonal schemas: Racial prejudice; gender roles; stereotypes 3. Self-schemas: Unlovability/rejection; helplesseness/dependence; subjugation/self-sacrifice |
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Term
|
Definition
| Every core belief is a part of a ___. |
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Term
| Vulnerability (diathesis) |
|
Definition
| Schemas are a ____ for dysfunction when certain events occur. |
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Term
|
Definition
| These help us organize and make sense of information, and strongly influences how we emotionally and behaviorally respond to stimuli. |
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Term
| Cognitive restructuring (part of tx Depression CM) |
|
Definition
| Altering schemas at all levels (except simple) |
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Term
| Behavioral activation (Tx depression WRT CM) |
|
Definition
1. Activity/pleasant events scheduling "just do it" 2. Problem solving |
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Term
| Change the function or process of thinking (Tx depression WRT CM) |
|
Definition
1. Worry to avoid anxiety 2. Mindfulness/defusion 3. Think one way, act another |
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Term
| Three ways to tx Depression WRT CM. |
|
Definition
1. Cognitive restructuring 2. Behavioal activation 3. Changing the FUNCTION or process of thinking |
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|
Term
| three cognitive strategies in CT |
|
Definition
1. Pleasurable activities 2. Mastery activities (self-efficacy) 3. Behavioral experiments |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Psychoed 2. Cognitive restructuring 3. Exposure/behavioral experiments 4. Relaxation |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1. Behavior therapy 2. Cognitive therapy 3. Cognitive-behavior therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Behavior therapy (Skinner, Wolpe, Bandura) 2. Cognitive therapy (Ellis and Beck) 3. Cognitive-behavior therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Behavior therapy (Skinner, Wolpe, Bandura) 2. Cognitive therapy (Ellis and Beck) 3. Cognitive-behavior therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Therapy based on principles of classical and operant conditioning (exposure and response prevention, contingency management, token economy, behavioral activation) |
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Term
| 1st gen. Behavior Therapy |
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Definition
| Focus on direct symptom relief, rather than interest in unconscious fears and desires; use direct and didactic feedback and skills training |
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Term
| 2nd generation behavior therapy |
|
Definition
| Proposed that behavioral theory failed to account for the role of human language, cognitition, and emotion |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Empirical anomalies could not be explained solely by existing CBT 2. Researchers were pushed to dev. innovative theroy 3. Constructivism and postmodernist theories weakened mechanistic assumptions of 2nd gen bx therapy 4. New ideas emerged and strengthed (eg success of DBT) |
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Term
|
Definition
*Type of behavioral therapy that: 1. Abandonds a sole commitment to first-order change 2. Adopts more contextualistic assumptions 3. Adopts more experiential and indirect change strategies 4. Broadens the focus of change |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attempts to see an event in connection with its history and current situational context; Emphasizes function over form |
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Term
|
Definition
| Philosophical concept which emphasizes the context in which it occurs, and argues that the event can only be understood relative to that contex |
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Term
|
Definition
| Going to the store and taking a box of cereal without paying |
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Term
|
Definition
| Altering a client's relationship to internal experience is a central mechanism of therapeutic change |
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Term
|
Definition
| Clients problems are seen as stemming from the way that they related to internal experiences (thoughts, emotions, physiological sensations) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. To promote acceptance of internal experiences 2. Enhance client's ability to live a meaningful, valued life 3. To cultivate self-compassion (see experience with kindness, rather that as signs of weakness) |
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|
Term
| Behavior restriction (ABBT) |
|
Definition
| This occurs when individuals who are struggling with internal experiences fail to engage in actions that are consistent with their values, further perpetuating their distress and dissatisfaction |
|
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Term
| experiential avoidance (ABBT) |
|
Definition
| Clients engage in ______ in hopes of improving their lives, but this often leads to further distress or diminished quality of life |
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Term
|
Definition
| This is helpful because it helps promote awareness and acceptance of internal experiences and diminish avoidance |
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|
Term
| internal experiences (ABBT) |
|
Definition
| Humans tend to mistake transient ____ for permanent truth or reality |
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Term
|
Definition
| WRT ABBT, ____ is not enough, one must include _____. |
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Term
| ABBT BC it may help prepare them for exposure to exercises & changing rel. to pain |
|
Definition
| Clients who refuse exposure-based interventions may be well-suited for _____. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This therapy has had particular success with anxiety and depressive disorders; substance abuse & eating disorders; physical disorders; Ppl with low SES |
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Term
|
Definition
| Change relationship to thoughts occurs by stepping back and decentering |
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Term
|
Definition
| Applications of this therapy do not aim to cure illnesses, rather it serves as an adjunt Tx to reduce psychological distress |
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Term
|
Definition
| This increases awareness of triggers and tolerance of urge/cravings |
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Term
|
Definition
| Clients learn to view cragins as wave, rising, peaking, and falling with this therapy |
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Term
| Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy |
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Definition
| Elements of Cognitive therapy + Elements of mindfulness-based stress reduction |
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Term
| Goal of decentering (MBCT) |
|
Definition
| The ability to see thoughts as just thoughts (to step back from thought processes and observe them) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Serenity prayer: Through my efforts, I gain the serenity...wisdom to know the difference. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Based on idea that individuals who wnated to be dead lacked the skills to build a life worth living. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Emphasis on wholeness, interrelatedness, and change; complex interplay of opposing forces causes continuous change; must view system as a whole, analyze how parts related to whole; BALANCE ACCEPTANCE AND CHANGE (opposing forces) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Therapist acceptance strategies of validation, reciprocal communication style, and environmental intervention are used in balance with the change strategies of problem-solving, irreverent communication style, and consultation with clients about their environment |
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Term
| Linehan's biosocial theory |
|
Definition
| BPD = breakdown of normal functioning best conceptualized as a systematic dysfunction of emotional regulation system |
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Term
|
Definition
| allowing experiences rather than suppressing or avoiding them |
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Term
|
Definition
| Both and outcome and activity in this therapy |
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Term
| DBT; dialectical strategies |
|
Definition
| Playing devil's advocate; activating the client's "wise mind"; making lemons out of lemonade; assessing dialectically (what's being left out here?) --> a component of this therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Psychopathology arises from psychological inflexibility; goal of Tx is psychological flexibiliy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any experience a person has such as seeing an object, smelling an odor, having a thought or feeling |
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Term
|
Definition
| Works to reveal the illusion of language (want nickel instead of dime BC bigger) |
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Term
| Language and cognition (ACT) |
|
Definition
| These interact with life circimstannce to produce an inability to persist or make changes that are beneficial toward meeting long-term valued goals --> psychopathology and suffering |
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Term
| Psychological inflexibility |
|
Definition
| Emerges when people use language in ineffective or problematic ways; language and thoughts interact with direct contingencies to produce an inability to persist or changes behavior toward long-term ends |
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Term
| Experiential avoidance (ACT) |
|
Definition
| The attempt to control or change the form, frequency, or situational sensitivity of internal experiences (thoughts, feelings, sensations, memories), even when doing so causes harm |
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Term
|
Definition
| therapeutic process of ACT |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Entanglement b/n our actual experience and our percpetion of reality makes internal experiences particularly powerful and contributes to our desire for them to be other than they are |
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Term
|
Definition
| When we experience sadness and consider ourselves defined by this experience, we can develop a stigmatized sense of ourselves as change |
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Term
|
Definition
| When we help the client to watch what the mind says, not be a slave to it. |
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Term
| Therapeutic process: Present Moment Awareness (ACT) |
|
Definition
| WIthout contact with the present moment, behavior is dominated by our historical pattern of thoughts and reactions, resulting in more of tte same |
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Term
|
Definition
| Events become "fused" with a self-focused story. Instead of viewing oneself as a flexible human being, one narrowly defines oneself within the created story where solutions may not exist. |
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Term
|
Definition
| These guide our behaviors toward a meaningful chosen life path |
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|
Term
| Functional Analytic Psychotherapy |
|
Definition
| Tx is based on functional analysis of therapeutic rel.; sign therapeutic change results from in-session reinforcement; emphasis on contextualism |
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|
Term
| Functional Analytic Psychotherapy |
|
Definition
1. Focus on clinically relevant behaviors 2. Evoke CRB 3. Reinforce improvements 4. Observe potentially reinforcing effects of therapist bx in relation to client CRBs 5. Give interpretations of variable that affect client's CRBs (in terms of learning hx and functional rels.) |
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|
Term
| Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy |
|
Definition
| Integrates goals of acceptance and change as positive outcomes for couples in therapy; evaluation/feedback phase; active ts phase |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rational belief to replace irrational belief; work hard to change tendency to cling to irrational beliefs and increase flexibility in thinking |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A relationship b/n events that occasion bx, the bx itself, and the consequences the bx produces. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Events that signal the likelihood of reinforcement or punishment for bx |
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Term
|
Definition
| Events or biological conditions that alter the reinfocing or punishing properties associated with consequences |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Delivery of reinforcers for bx in a givnen stimulus situation , but not in other stimulus situations |
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Term
|
Definition
| A bx that has been reinforced in one context increases in frequency or intensity in other contexts in which the bx has not been previous reinforced |
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Term
|
Definition
| Procedure most appropriate for developing a skill or establishing a behavior not currently in a person's repertoire |
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|
Term
| Self-management strategies |
|
Definition
| Person engages in a bx of set of bxs to influence the occurrence of another bx |
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Term
|
Definition
| Method for formalizing agreements reached b/n a client and therapist concerning the client's bx |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Awareness training
2. Competing response training
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Therapy that assumes psychopathology arises from way ppl relate to internal experiences |
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|
Term
Change the relationship to thoughts and feelings.
Similar: Still experience feelings |
|
Definition
| How is CBT different from ABBT? How is it similar? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This therapy is based on stress reduction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paying attention on purpose, moment to moment, nonjudgmentally |
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Term
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Definition
| Accepting things the way they are without judging/attmepting to get rid of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of Reasonable mind and Emotional mind |
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