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Psychology
Final -2
179
Psychology
Graduate
05/08/2010

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Term
Bandura
Definition
Traditional learning theory incomplete
Term
Traditional learning theory
Definition
Ignores the role of observation, imitation, and cognition
Term
Social learning theory
Definition
Combines traditional learning theroy with observation/imitation cognitive processes
Term
Social facilitation
Definition
Imitate and observe behavior in repetoire (eg hens pecking, kittens eating unusual foods mom ate)
Term
Local enhancement
Definition
Imitate new bx; may have learned through trial and error, but observation speeds this
Term
Eg of local enhancement
Definition
Monkey pulling chain for food
Term
True imitation
Definition
Imitation of rare behavior unlikely to be learned through trial and error
Term
Eg of true imitation
Definition
Monkey throwing wheat in water
Term
Bandura's studies suggested reinforcement not necessary for ____, but expectation of reinforcement necessary for _____.
Definition
Learning; performing bx
Term
Observed consequences
Definition
Degree of imitation by children in the Bobo doll experiment influenced by ____.
Term
4 Factors necessary for learning to occur.
Definition
1. Attentional
2. Retentional
3. Motor reproductive
4. Incentive & motivational
Term
Performance of bx
Definition
Expectation of reinforcement predicts actual ______.
Term
cognitive representation
Definition
Individual forms a _____ between observation and performance of behavior.
Term
Factors affecting imitation
Definition
1. Characteristics of model
2. Characteristics of learner
3. Characteristics of situation
Term
Characteristics of model (SLT)
Definition
1. More rewarding
2. Control/power/dominance
3. Social status
4. Similarity to learner
5. Sincerity
Term
Characteristics of learner (SLT)
Definition
1. Dominance (depends on situation)
2. Similarity (age, gender, etc.)
3. Those uncertain of bxs
Term
Characteristics of situation (SLT)
Definition
1. Certainty
2. Difficulty
Term
5 SLT models in therapy.
Definition
1. Bxs in pepertoire (socializing, assertiveness)
2. New bxs (hygiene, speech)
3. Adaptive response to feared stimuli (animals, heights)
4. Graduated
5. Participant
Term
Cognitive mediation
Definition
Social learning theory suggests ____.
Term
learning history
Definition
Behavioral theory suggests ______.
Term
Learning history
Definition
I observe my sibling throw his milk and get punished. I throw my milk and get punished. _____ teaches me not to imitate similar bx.
Term
cognitive represtentation
Definition
I observe a behavior and its consequences. I form a _____ of future outcomes and expectancies.
Term
Agency
Definition
intentional actions
Term
Agency
Definition
Bx not just controlled automatically or mechanically via environmental stimuli (as in early conditioning theories). Cognitive processes exert influence.
Term
Intentionality
Definition
A choice to behavior. Representation of future action. Does not guarantee outcomes/consequences.
Term
Core features of agency
Definition
1. Intentionality
2. Forethought
3. Self reactiveness
4. Self reflectiveness
Term
Forethought
Definition
Requires cognitive representation in the present of foreseeable future events which motivates behavior.
Term
Eg Forethought
Definition
Thinking about impending pitch and planning how you will swing bat before acting
Term
Forethought
Definition
Anticipation of future events guides actions. Transcends dictates of immediate environment
Term
Self-reactiveness
Definition
Self-directed execution of course of action. Actions compared to personal goals, standards, morals.
Term
Self-reactiveness
Definition
Self-satisfaction, pride, self-worth sustain efforts for goal attainment
Term
Self reflectiveness
Definition
Allows one to address conflicts and change course.
Term
Self-reflectiveness
Definition
Meta cognition/thinking about thinking. Compare predictive thoughts with outcomes of actions.
Term
Self-efficacy
Definition
Belief in ability to exercise control over behavior and environment.
Term
5 things self-efficacy affects.
Definition
1. Pessimism v. optimism
2. Choice of goals/challenges
3. Level of effort expended.
4. Duration perseverance in face of obstacles.
5. Failure = motivating or demoralizing
Term
Locus of control
Definition
The extent to which one believes s/he controls rewards
Term
Explanatory or attributional style
Definition
People with same experiences have different response depending on attribution
Term
Pessimistic explanatory style
Definition
Most likely will suffer from learned helplessness and depression
Term
Attribution style
Definition
An individual's explanation for negative events
Term
Three attribution styles.
Definition
1. Global v. Specific (like pervasive)
2. Stable v. Unstable (like permanent)
3. Internatl v. External (like personal; locus of control)
Term
Gloabl v. Specific
Definition
Negative events are present across all contexts
Term
Stable v. Unstable
Definition
Negaive events remain over time
Term
Internal v. External
Definition
Negative events are the fault of the individual
Term
REBT
Definition
First cognitve-behavioral therapy
Term
REBT
Definition
Action-oriented psychotherapy that teaches individuals to examine their own thoughts, beliefs, and actions and replace those that are self-defeating with more life-enhancing alternatives
Term
REBT (Ellis)
Definition
Events don't cause distress, our irrational beliefs about events do
Term
ABCD Model
Definition
Activating event Beliefs about event Consequence (emotions and behaviors) Dispute: Rational belief to replace irrational belief; work hard to change tendency to cling to irrational beliefs and increase flexibility in thinking
Term
Three Basic Musts
Definition
All beliefs that upset us are variations of 3 irrational demand beliefs
Term
Anxiety, guilt/shame, depression, people-pleasing
Definition
Consequences for "I must perform welll & get approval from others"
Term
Anger, hostility, rage, aggression/violence
Definition
"Others must treat me well, exactly as I want them to; if they don't they are bad and should be punished"
Term
Self-pity, disappointment, procrastination, frustration.
Definition
"I must get what I want, when I want it & I shouldn't get what I don't want. If either of these happens, it is unbearable."
Term
Three insights to REBT therapy.
Definition
1. Beliefs are responsible for feelings/behaviors, not events.
2. We cling to beliefs; they tend to be fixed/rigid.
3. Only continuous work/practice at changing rigid irrational beliefs will result in change.
Term
Unconditional self-acceptance.
Definition
I am a fallible human being; I have my good points and my bad points.
Term
Unconditioned other-acceptance.
Definition
Other people will treat me unfairly from time to time.
Term
Unconditional life-acceptance.
Definition
Life doesn't necessarily work out the way that I'd like it to.
Term
Cognitive Theory (Beck)
Definition
1. Negative, dysfunctional beliefs lead to depression.
2. Cognitive triad: Self, others, world.
3. Automatic thoughts, rules/assumptions, core beliefs.
4. Cognitive distortions (blk&wht thinking, selective abstraction, overgeneralization)
Term
Cognitive distortions
Definition
Black and white thinking, selective abstraction, overgeneralization.
Term
Cognitive triad (CT)
Definition
1. Self
2. Others
3. World
Term
5 characteristics of CBT.
Definition
1. Time limited
2. Present-focused
3. Structured
4. Collaborative/active
5. Focuses on relationship b/t thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a given situation.
Term
CBT
Definition
Focuses on relationship b/t thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Term
WRT client-therapist relationship in CBT, name 5 important factors.
Definition
1. Client motivation & expectations for therapy.
2. Therapeutic alliance
3. Collaboration
4. Active orientaiton
5. Balance b/t Acceptance and Change
Term
8 components of CBT early session structure.
Definition
1. Assessment & case conceptualiztion.
2. Set an agenda (collaborate)
3. Give feedback about dx & check in about reactions.
4. Review problem list/goals.
5. Provide overview of Tx structure/format.
6. Psychoeducation about CBT.
7. Homework
8. Inspire hope.
4.
Term
5 components of later CBT sessions.
Definition
1. Review hmwk
2. Review concepts, if necessary
3. Teach new psychoed/rationale
4. Teach/practice skills
5. Assign hmwk
Term
CBT hmwk
Definition
Praise for completion, even if inaccurate.
-Provide instruction
-Practice in session
Term
CBT Basic Content practice skills.
Definition
1. Cognitive restructuring
2. Relaxation
3. Create hierarchy
4. Exposure
5. Behavioral activation
6. Problem solving
7. Assertiveness/communication
Term
CBT focuses on these three things.
Definition
1. Thoughts
2. Feelings
3. Behaviors
Term
Cognitive distortions
Definition
Misperceptions, or in failure to see the whole picture in a more balanced way.
Term
Cognitive distortions
Definition
These thinking errors and misperceptions contribute to depression, anxiety, and other problems. We can improve life by recognizing and reducing (correcting) such distortions in thinking
Term
All-or-nothing thinking
Definition
You see things in extremes of “black-and-white” categories, rather than on a continuum (sometimes, often, partially true, etc.). EX: After making a mistake, you see yourself as a failure.
Term
Overgeneralization
Definition
You see a negative event or a series of negative events as indicating a never-ending pattern of defeat. When you have setbacks or things don’t turn out well, you think “I’ll always have setbacks”, or “I’ll never be successful”. EX: 3 job interviews but no offers means “I’ll never get a job”.
Term
Mental Filter
Definition
You dwell on negative details of a situation and magnify them, while filtering out (not noticing) all the positive aspects. EX: You feel bad about your presentation at work because of losing your place in your notes for a minute or so, and forget the positive feedback and how other parts went well.
Term
Minimizing/Disqualifying/Overlooking the positive
Definition
You reject positive experiences or feedback by insisting they “don’t count” for some reason or other, or you overlook positive aspects in yourself or your environment. In this way you maintain a negative belief even though there are positive qualities, options, or experiences that indicate otherwise. EX: “They just said that (complement) because they didn’t want me to feel bad.”
Term
Mind Reading
Definition
You arbitrarily conclude that someone is reacting negatively to you, without knowing for sure what they are thinking. EX: “They must think I’m a real loser”, or “The boss isn’t talking to me because she’s angry with me”.
Term
Fortune Telling
Definition
You anticipate that things will turn out badly or that something bad is going to happen (as if you knew this for sure) even though you do not yet know what the outcome or future will be. This causes you to worry, to overreact, or to give up prematurely.
Term
Magnifying/Catatrophizing
Definition
You exaggerate the importance of things, such as your goof-up or someone else’s achievement, or you assume something that might happen would be “terrible”, or “awful”, when actually it would not be that bad, or you could cope with it even if it is difficult to go through.
Term
Emotional Reasoning
Definition
You assume that the way you feel about something is a truth, when actually your feelings are based on erroneous thinking. EX: “I feel like I’ll never get out of this depression” is taken as “I’ll never get out of this depression”, or “I feel stupid” is experienced as a truth, when it clearly is not true.
Term
Should statements
Definition
You have a list of ironclad rules about how you or other people “should” act, when actually such rules are arbitrary or unrealistic. You then feel guilty or “inadequate” if you don’t live according to a rule, or angry if someone else falls short of how they “should” be. You may also believe life “should be fair”, then get upset or feel like a “victim” when faced with the reality that life is not always fair.
Term
Labeling
Definition
Instead of thinking objectively about the specifics of a mistake or “shortcoming”, you attach a negative label to yourself such as “I’m a loser” or to others such as “They’re all jerks”.
Term
Personalization
Definition
You think something someone does or says, or something that happens, is some kind of personalized reaction to you, when really it may not be (or is not). EX: “I didn’t get that job because God is punishing me”, or “No one is calling me because I am such a drag to be with”.
Term
Probability overgeneralization
Definition
Overestimating the likelihood that something bad is going to happen. EX: “If I get on the airplane, I’m 100% sure it will crash.”
Term
Mechanisms of action
Definition
1. Cognitive change
2. Cognitive de-fusion
3. Thoughts are behaviors, too
-Function (eg. avoidance) over content
Term
Classical conditioning; explanatory style
Definition
Some who experience trauma develop PTSD or specific phobia, some do not. Why?
Term
Observational learning
Definition
Some who have not had trauma develop PTSD/phobias
Term
5 characteristics of vulnerability
Definition
1. Susceptibility
2. Trait (not state; although vulnerability to them remains constant)
3. Endogeneous (v. risk)
4. Dormant unless activated
5. "Diathesis"
Term
Triple vulnerability model
Definition
1. Biological (genetic, negative affect, low positive affect, anxiety, sensitivity)
2. Generalized (diathesis, early experiences with low perceived control/external LOC, poor coping, shy temperament, parenting style
3. Specific (stress; trauma; vicarious learning; substances; culture; avoidance)
Term
TVM: Biological.
Definition
Evolutionarily adaptive to fear certain things (snakes, spiders, heights, enclosed spaces), even though not dangerous now.
Term
Inflation effect (WTR TVM)
Definition
Exposure to trauma doesn't result in phobia/PTSD followed by more intense unrelated trauma can lead to development of ptsd/phobia for first event/stimulus
Term
Schemas
Definition
Ways of viewing self, others, world, future and making meaning
Term
Schemas
Definition
Develop during childhood interactions and influence memory
Term
Schemas
Definition
Lie dormant until activated by experience leading to faulty infor processing
Term
Schemas
Definition
If have many negative experiences during childhood, ___ develop that guide attention to enhance and recall negative events.
Term
Stressors
Definition
These differentially activate dysfunctional schemas and matching content
Term
Worthless/dependent
Definition
These schemas are activated by criticism and rejection
Term
Vulnerability schemas
Definition
These schemas are activated by perceived danger, etc.
Term
Four basic emotions of the cognitive model.
Definition
1. Saddness
2. Happiness/elation
3. Fear/anxiety
4. Anger
Term
Cognitive model: Sadness
Definition
Appraisal of loss, deprivation, defeat
Term
Cognitive model: Happiness
Definition
Appraisal of gain
Term
Cognitive model: Fear/anxiety
Definition
Appraisal of danger/vulnerability
Term
Cognitive model: Anger
Definition
Appraisal of offense/injustice
Term
Three levels of the cognitive model
Definition
1. Automatic thoughts/simple schemas
2. Rules and assumptions (Should, must, ought, if.. then..)
3. Core beliefs (absolute statements)
Term
Three types of schemas WRT Cognitive Model
Definition
1. Danger schemas: Phobias
2. Interpersonal schemas: Racial prejudice; gender roles; stereotypes
3. Self-schemas: Unlovability/rejection; helplesseness/dependence; subjugation/self-sacrifice
Term
Schema
Definition
Every core belief is a part of a ___.
Term
Vulnerability (diathesis)
Definition
Schemas are a ____ for dysfunction when certain events occur.
Term
Schemas
Definition
These help us organize and make sense of information, and strongly influences how we emotionally and behaviorally respond to stimuli.
Term
Cognitive restructuring (part of tx Depression CM)
Definition
Altering schemas at all levels (except simple)
Term
Behavioral activation (Tx depression WRT CM)
Definition
1. Activity/pleasant events scheduling "just do it"
2. Problem solving
Term
Change the function or process of thinking (Tx depression WRT CM)
Definition
1. Worry to avoid anxiety
2. Mindfulness/defusion
3. Think one way, act another
Term
Three ways to tx Depression WRT CM.
Definition
1. Cognitive restructuring
2. Behavioal activation
3. Changing the FUNCTION or process of thinking
Term
three cognitive strategies in CT
Definition
1. Pleasurable activities
2. Mastery activities (self-efficacy)
3. Behavioral experiments
Term
CBT for anxiety
Definition
1. Psychoed
2. Cognitive restructuring
3. Exposure/behavioral experiments
4. Relaxation
Term
Three waves of therapy.
Definition
1. Behavior therapy 2. Cognitive therapy 3. Cognitive-behavior therapy
Term
Three waves of therapy.
Definition
1. Behavior therapy (Skinner, Wolpe, Bandura)
2. Cognitive therapy (Ellis and Beck)
3. Cognitive-behavior therapy
Term
Three waves of therapy.
Definition
1. Behavior therapy (Skinner, Wolpe, Bandura)
2. Cognitive therapy (Ellis and Beck)
3. Cognitive-behavior therapy
Term
1st gen.Behavior Therapy
Definition
Therapy based on principles of classical and operant conditioning (exposure and response prevention, contingency management, token economy, behavioral activation)
Term
1st gen. Behavior Therapy
Definition
Focus on direct symptom relief, rather than interest in unconscious fears and desires; use direct and didactic feedback and skills training
Term
2nd generation behavior therapy
Definition
Proposed that behavioral theory failed to account for the role of human language, cognitition, and emotion
Term
Why a third wave?
Definition
1. Empirical anomalies could not be explained solely by existing CBT
2. Researchers were pushed to dev. innovative theroy
3. Constructivism and postmodernist theories weakened mechanistic assumptions of 2nd gen bx therapy
4. New ideas emerged and strengthed (eg success of DBT)
Term
Third Wave therapy
Definition
*Type of behavioral therapy that:
1. Abandonds a sole commitment to first-order change
2. Adopts more contextualistic assumptions
3. Adopts more experiential and indirect change strategies
4. Broadens the focus of change
Term
Conhtextualism
Definition
Attempts to see an event in connection with its history and current situational context; Emphasizes function over form
Term
Contextualism
Definition
Philosophical concept which emphasizes the context in which it occurs, and argues that the event can only be understood relative to that contex
Term
Eg of contextualism
Definition
Going to the store and taking a box of cereal without paying
Term
ABBT
Definition
Altering a client's relationship to internal experience is a central mechanism of therapeutic change
Term
ABBT
Definition
Clients problems are seen as stemming from the way that they related to internal experiences (thoughts, emotions, physiological sensations)
Term
Aims of ABBT
Definition
1. To promote acceptance of internal experiences
2. Enhance client's ability to live a meaningful, valued life
3. To cultivate self-compassion (see experience with kindness, rather that as signs of weakness)
Term
Behavior restriction (ABBT)
Definition
This occurs when individuals who are struggling with internal experiences fail to engage in actions that are consistent with their values, further perpetuating their distress and dissatisfaction
Term
experiential avoidance (ABBT)
Definition
Clients engage in ______ in hopes of improving their lives, but this often leads to further distress or diminished quality of life
Term
Mindfulness (ABBT)
Definition
This is helpful because it helps promote awareness and acceptance of internal experiences and diminish avoidance
Term
internal experiences (ABBT)
Definition
Humans tend to mistake transient ____ for permanent truth or reality
Term
awareness; acceptance
Definition
WRT ABBT, ____ is not enough, one must include _____.
Term
ABBT BC it may help prepare them for exposure to exercises & changing rel. to pain
Definition
Clients who refuse exposure-based interventions may be well-suited for _____.
Term
ABBT
Definition
This therapy has had particular success with anxiety and depressive disorders; substance abuse & eating disorders; physical disorders; Ppl with low SES
Term
Decentering (MBSR)
Definition
Change relationship to thoughts occurs by stepping back and decentering
Term
MBSR
Definition
Applications of this therapy do not aim to cure illnesses, rather it serves as an adjunt Tx to reduce psychological distress
Term
Mindfulness
Definition
This increases awareness of triggers and tolerance of urge/cravings
Term
Urge-surfing (MBRP)
Definition
Clients learn to view cragins as wave, rising, peaking, and falling with this therapy
Term
Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy
Definition
Elements of Cognitive therapy + Elements of mindfulness-based stress reduction
Term
Goal of decentering (MBCT)
Definition
The ability to see thoughts as just thoughts (to step back from thought processes and observe them)
Term
DBT
Definition
Serenity prayer: Through my efforts, I gain the serenity...wisdom to know the difference.
Term
DBT
Definition
Based on idea that individuals who wnated to be dead lacked the skills to build a life worth living.
Term
Dialectics
Definition
Emphasis on wholeness, interrelatedness, and change; complex interplay of opposing forces causes continuous change; must view system as a whole, analyze how parts related to whole; BALANCE ACCEPTANCE AND CHANGE (opposing forces)
Term
DBT Core elements
Definition
Therapist acceptance strategies of validation, reciprocal communication style, and environmental intervention are used in balance with the change strategies of problem-solving, irreverent communication style, and consultation with clients about their environment
Term
Linehan's biosocial theory
Definition
BPD = breakdown of normal functioning best conceptualized as a systematic dysfunction of emotional regulation system
Term
Mindfulness in DBT
Definition
allowing experiences rather than suppressing or avoiding them
Term
Acceptance
Definition
Both and outcome and activity in this therapy
Term
DBT; dialectical strategies
Definition
Playing devil's advocate; activating the client's "wise mind"; making lemons out of lemonade; assessing dialectically (what's being left out here?) --> a component of this therapy
Term
ACT
Definition
Psychopathology arises from psychological inflexibility; goal of Tx is psychological flexibiliy
Term
Event
Definition
Any experience a person has such as seeing an object, smelling an odor, having a thought or feeling
Term
ACT
Definition
Works to reveal the illusion of language (want nickel instead of dime BC bigger)
Term
Language and cognition (ACT)
Definition
These interact with life circimstannce to produce an inability to persist or make changes that are beneficial toward meeting long-term valued goals --> psychopathology and suffering
Term
Psychological inflexibility
Definition
Emerges when people use language in ineffective or problematic ways; language and thoughts interact with direct contingencies to produce an inability to persist or changes behavior toward long-term ends
Term
Experiential avoidance (ACT)
Definition
The attempt to control or change the form, frequency, or situational sensitivity of internal experiences (thoughts, feelings, sensations, memories), even when doing so causes harm
Term
Acceptance
Definition
therapeutic process of ACT
Term
Acceptance
Definition
This too shall pass
Term
cognitive fusion (ACT)
Definition
Entanglement b/n our actual experience and our percpetion of reality makes internal experiences particularly powerful and contributes to our desire for them to be other than they are
Term
Eg. Cognitive fusion
Definition
When we experience sadness and consider ourselves defined by this experience, we can develop a stigmatized sense of ourselves as change
Term
Cognitive defusion
Definition
When we help the client to watch what the mind says, not be a slave to it.
Term
Therapeutic process: Present Moment Awareness (ACT)
Definition
WIthout contact with the present moment, behavior is dominated by our historical pattern of thoughts and reactions, resulting in more of tte same
Term
Self as context (ACT)
Definition
Events become "fused" with a self-focused story. Instead of viewing oneself as a flexible human being, one narrowly defines oneself within the created story where solutions may not exist.
Term
Values
Definition
These guide our behaviors toward a meaningful chosen life path
Term
Functional Analytic Psychotherapy
Definition
Tx is based on functional analysis of therapeutic rel.; sign therapeutic change results from in-session reinforcement; emphasis on contextualism
Term
Functional Analytic Psychotherapy
Definition
1. Focus on clinically relevant behaviors
2. Evoke CRB
3. Reinforce improvements
4. Observe potentially reinforcing effects of therapist bx in relation to client CRBs
5. Give interpretations of variable that affect client's CRBs (in terms of learning hx and functional rels.)
Term
Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy
Definition
Integrates goals of acceptance and change as positive outcomes for couples in therapy; evaluation/feedback phase; active ts phase
Term
Dispute
Definition
Rational belief to replace irrational belief; work hard to change tendency to cling to irrational beliefs and increase flexibility in thinking
Term
Behavioral contingency
Definition
A relationship b/n events that occasion bx, the bx itself, and the consequences the bx produces.
Term
Discriminative stimuli
Definition
Events that signal the likelihood of reinforcement or punishment for bx
Term
Establishing operations
Definition
Events or biological conditions that alter the reinfocing or punishing properties associated with consequences
Term
Discrimination training
Definition
Delivery of reinforcers for bx in a givnen stimulus situation , but not in other stimulus situations
Term
Stimulus generalization
Definition
A bx that has been reinforced in one context increases in frequency or intensity in other contexts in which the bx has not been previous reinforced
Term
Shaping
Definition
Procedure most appropriate for developing a skill or establishing a behavior not currently in a person's repertoire
Term
Self-management strategies
Definition
Person engages in a bx of set of bxs to influence the occurrence of another bx
Term
Behavioral contracting
Definition
Method for formalizing agreements reached b/n a client and therapist concerning the client's bx
Term
Steps of habit reversal
Definition

1. Awareness training

2.  Competing response training

 

Term
ABBT
Definition
Therapy that assumes psychopathology arises from way ppl relate to internal experiences
Term

Change the relationship to thoughts and feelings.

Similar: Still experience feelings

Definition
How is CBT different from ABBT?  How is it similar?
Term
MBSR
Definition
This therapy is based on stress reduction.
Term
Mindfulness
Definition
Paying attention on purpose, moment to moment, nonjudgmentally
Term
Radical acceptance
Definition
Accepting things the way they are without judging/attmepting to get rid of it.
Term
Wise mind
Definition
Combination of Reasonable mind and Emotional mind
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