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| process that ppl use to test hypotheses regarding behavior |
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| scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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-structuralism (basic elements of mental experience)
-1st psyc lab in Germany |
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-estab 1st lab in US
-1st president of APA |
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| psychoanalytic theory (influence of unconscious) |
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| behaviorism - study of observable responses and behavior |
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| sociocultural perspective |
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| culture stems from a person's ethnicity and environment they grew up in |
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| 1st female president of APA |
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-2nd president of APA
-1st woman to receive doctorate in psyc |
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| -1st Af Am to receive doctorate in US |
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manipulated, subject exposed to.
ex) video games |
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-always your result
ex) behavior |
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| as one variable in/decreases, other variable in/decreases. same direction. |
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| as one variable increases, other decreases. opposite directions. |
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nature - genetics (mental disorders)
nurture - environment |
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| communication btwn neurons (msg molecules) |
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| path of neuron transmission |
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| nucleus - axon - synaptic gap - dendrite |
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| when axon bulb of one neuron gets close to the receptors on dendrites |
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| lack -> depression - affect mood |
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influ movement and learning, attn and motivation
lack -> Parkinson's Disease |
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jump from axon -> dendrite
must pass or will have probs |
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-outermost layer of brain
-controls very high lvl thought processes
-contains frontal line |
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| holds hemispheres together |
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-relay station for sensory
-sends incoming and outgoing info to appropriate areas in brain |
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| ctrls hunger, pleasure, thirst, rage, and sexual desire |
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| helps you stand up right and keeps your movements coordinated (muscle tone) |
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| regulates emotional responses and aggression |
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| memories; formation of new memories |
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| thinking, planning, decision making, language, and motor movement |
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| touch and certain cognitive processes |
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| auditory processing and language |
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| process of receiving info from environment |
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| psyc process of organizing sensory info to make it meaningful (fire=oh shit!) |
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| conscious awareness of stuff taking place in environment/inside our minds |
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| minimal amt of stimulation needed to be detected for a sensation to occur |
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| just noticeable difference (JND) |
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| how much change needed for ppl to notice |
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-protects eye
-begins focusing process (light passes through to other layers of eye) |
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-opening of eye
-light enters through pupil
-not a structure in itself--doesn't move, but the iris does |
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-located in back of eye
-contains rods and cones |
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| lies behind pupil and focuses rays on retina |
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-snail shaped structure of ear w/ tiny hairs and fluid that vibrate w/ incoming sound
-connected to auditory nerve |
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| carry info from inner ear to brain |
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| eardrum/tympanic membrane |
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| piece of skin stretched over the entrance to the ear and vibrates to sound |
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-tympanic membrane
-anvil
-oval window |
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-stirrup
-auditory nerve
-cochlea |
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| receptors that detect stimulus. |
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-taste receptors on tongue
-found btwn papilla |
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| 4 types of taste receptors |
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| salty, sweet, sour and bitter |
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| lets signals travel from epithelium to bulb |
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-frontal lobe
-processes incoming info before sending it to other parts of brain |
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| special piece of skin at top of nasal cavity that contains olfactory receptors then goes to olfactory bulb |
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-pressure
-pain
-temperature |
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| making incomplete organisms whole (the way something SHOULD be rather than how it actually IS) |
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| grouping things together that are near e/o |
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| filling in the missing details |
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-an organism's or individual's awareness of, or possibility of knowing what's happening
-highest lvl of awareness |
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-consciousness just below the lvl of awareness
-contains thoughts and ideas just out of our awareness |
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-deeper lvl of awareness
-contains thoughts and desires about which we have no/true direct language |
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| changes in bodily processes that occur repeatedly on approx. a 24-25 hr cycle |
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-occur every 90 min
-e/ REM period in night = slightly longer than previous one
-vivid dreams & nightmare occur
-body is "paralyzed" (not sleepwalking) |
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| Which stages would sleeptalking/walking most likely occur? |
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-sleepwalking/talking occurs
-physiological arousal decreases
-growth hormone is secreted during this time, which is why adolescents sleep so much
-80% of sleep time is non-REM sleep |
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| when someone falls asleep during alert activities during the day |
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-person stops breathing during sleep
-symptom: very loud snoring |
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| ppl get urge to move their legs when about to fall asleep - itch |
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| (NS) original stimulus that does not naturally elicit an unconditioned response in an organism |
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| (US) stimulus that naturally elicits a response in an organism |
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| (UR) reponse that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus |
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| examples of learning (conditioning) |
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NS (keys) + US (leave) = UR (anxiety)
CS (keys) = UR (anxiety) |
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| type of learning where organism learns through the consequences of behavior |
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| strengthening a response that occurs when response is rewarded |
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| repeat behavior to AVOID punishment |
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| stopping behavior by adding something bad |
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| stopping a behavior by removing something good |
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