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| learning by means of an organism's behavior's consequences |
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| if there is a reward after doing a certain behavior, then that behavior is more likely to happen again |
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| skinner designed a chamber with a bar for the rat to access food, a food dispenser and a light that signalizes reward is to come. famous for recording and administering the rats conditioning while no one is watching or supervising |
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| presenting a desirable stimulus to increase targeted behavior |
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| removing an undesirable stimulus to increase targeted behavior |
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| presenting an undesirable stimulus to decrease targeted behavior |
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| removing an undesirable stimulus to increase targeted behavior |
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| something that signals that reinforcement is to come |
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| stage of learning when a response is established |
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| gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the response after a stimulus is represented continuously |
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| sudden reemergence of an extinguished response after a delay |
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| eliciting the same response to a stimuli that is similar but not entirely the same as the original stimulus |
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| presenting a less pronounced response to stimulus that is different than original |
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| only occasionally reinforcing a behavior resulting in slower extinction of a respone |
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provide reinforcement after a regular # of respones
EX. give a rat a pellet after pressing lever of skinner box 15 times |
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provide reinforcement after producing the response a certain amount of times during a certain interval
EX. getting paid weekly if you sell atleast 2 items |
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provide reinforcement after a specific # of responses on average
EX. Giving food to a pigeon after 6 pecks, then 12, then 1, then 21 if the average is 10
ratio schedules tend to yield better responses than interval |
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| variable interval schedule |
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providing reinforcement after organism produces response after an avg time interval
variable tend to yield better responses than fixed, bc if an animal doesn;t know exactly whento expect the reward then they will do the behavior more often |
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| shaping by successive approximations |
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| reinforce behaviors by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target |
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| link a # of interrelated behaviors to form a longer series |
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principle that says that a less frequently reinforced response can be increased in frequency by combining it with a more frequent behavior
EX. finishing veggies before eating dessert |
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token economies
secondary reinforcers
primary reinforcers |
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| used to reinforce patients that have behaved well by giving tokens, chips considered the secondary reinforcers, which can be traded in for a primary reinforcer such as a favorite food or drink |
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| theory that we acquire a phobia through classical conditioning and then maintain it with operant conditioning by avoiding the undesirable stimulus |
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| stimulus organism response; suggests that there is a link between S&R and it isnt just mindless or automatic but rather response to a stimulus depends on what a stimulus means to it |
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| learning that isnt directly observable |
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| learning by watching others |
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| after getting the "aha reaction" they know the solution from there on after |
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conditioned taste aversion
and challenge to equipotentiality |
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refers to the fact that classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reactions to the tast of food
the claim that we can pair all CSs equally well with UCs |
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| we're evolutionary predisposed to fear certain stimuli more than others |
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| the tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement |
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