Term
An evolutionary (sociobiological) perspective on sexual motivation
Who proposed it? |
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Definition
human sexual motives have evolved to maximize reproductive success and confer a survival advantage for offspring
David Buss |
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Term
| Sexual selection pressure facing females |
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Definition
-limited in 3 of children she can produce (choosiness)
-bearing children is a 9 month investment (needs protection and resources)
-seek males who are physically strong and capable of acquiring material reasources that can be invested in the children. |
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Term
| sexual selection pressure facing males |
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Definition
-can father unlimited # of children, just need a fertile woman
-paternal uncertainty, so they need a sexually faithful woman |
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Term
Buss's study of what men and women wanted in a mate across many cultures
similarities and differences |
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Definition
similarities- kindness, emotional stability, pleasant disposition, good heath
differences-
women- *more emphasis on parners' status, ambition, industriousness
*prefer older men (3-4 yrs)
*want men who can provide physical protection
men- *more emphasis on physical atractiveness and youthfulness
*younger women b/c they will be capable of reproduction |
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Term
analysis of personal ads
who did this? |
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Definition
men- younger mates and advertise their social status, college status
women- seek maturaty, wealth, height, and status and describe their looks
kendrick and keefe |
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Term
| men in mid 20s are looking for |
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Definition
| younger and slightly older women |
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Term
| men in 30s are looking for |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| women about 15 yrs. younger |
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Term
| all women are seeking even when they are financally stable |
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Definition
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Term
what are men and women more threatened by?
who? |
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Definition
men: they are seeking to pass on their genes and can never be certain they are the father so they are more threatened by sexual infidelity 60%
women: are seekin financial resouces so they are more threatened by emotional infidelity b/c if he falls in love w/ her he may withdraw money 83%
buss |
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Term
| why are men more willing to have casual sex? |
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Definition
| more partners means greater reproductive potential and they don't have very much investment |
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Term
| why are women mor cautious about sleeping iwith ppl? |
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Definition
| they have a 9 mo. investmen and they need to be more selective with the mate they choose so they can get what they want |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a reproductive advantage for women b/c it raises value of her to the male and shows she will not play around |
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Term
| why are women so concerned with how they look |
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Definition
| b/c evolution has taught them that men are attracted to these qualities |
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Term
why are men the gift givers and women the recievers
who? |
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Definition
if there is money on the table the sexual will be very pleasurable b/c it shows he cares/ men need to show they can produce resources
heidi fleiss |
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Term
| why are women impressed by acts of daring and bravery |
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Definition
-tribal leader
-he has skills and intelligence
*women go after bikes b/c it gives a life of speed and freedom |
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Term
| Darwinian beauty principl |
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Definition
| features we consider "attractive" are those that signal high reproductive potential |
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Term
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Definition
female 2/3 of hips (shows good reproduction ogans)
male 9/10 of hips |
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Term
women prefer
(attractiveness) |
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Definition
taller men, firm butts, washboard abs
(signs of good thrusting) |
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Term
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Definition
| more symmetric better health |
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Term
role of the stomach with hunger
who? |
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Definition
when ppl have stomach contractions they feel hungry
washburn and cannon
(swallowed a balloon for experiment) |
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Term
| can you feel hunger with out the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
and hunger |
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Definition
lateral hypothamus is the hunger center
-it initiates eating (start mechanism) |
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Term
| if the lateral hypothalamus is stimulated |
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Definition
| the animal will eat and eat and eat even if it is full |
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Term
| if the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed |
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Definition
| the animal refuses to eat and will starve to death |
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Term
ventromedial hypothathalamus (VMH)
and hunger |
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Definition
the ventromedial hypothalamus is the satiation center
-it turns off eating (stop mechanism) |
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Term
| if the ventromedial hypothalamus is stimulated |
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Definition
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Term
| if the ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed |
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Definition
| the animal won't stop eating |
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Term
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Definition
-the weight you maintain without effort to gain or lose weight
-determined by # and size of your fat cells
-it acts like a thermostat for fat levels
*if fat content goes down you get hungry
*if fat content rises hunger decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| animal ten to maintain constant weight over long periods of time without weight monitoring |
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Term
| set point implications for dieting |
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Definition
-it will trigger decrease metabolism and chronic hunger
-there is always a pull to go back to set point
-it can change a little over time but not much |
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Term
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Definition
-try to mainain low weight below sp through cronic dieting
-go hungry much of the time but constantly think about food
-when diet is disrupted they become disinhibited to eat to excess |
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Term
they what the hell effect
who |
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Definition
they cheat on diet and think what the hell and go on a bing eating
herman and mack |
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Term
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Definition
-2-3% of all women
-5-7% of college women
-may occur sever times a week
-usually maintain normal weight
-usually starts with dieting and spirals out of control |
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Term
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Definition
| air-borne chemicals that affect sexual behavior and territorial marking in many species (animals) |
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Term
| what organ detects pheromones in animals |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens when you expose VNO to opposite-sex chemicals "extracted from the skin"? |
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Definition
| resulted in hormone level and brain wave changes |
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Term
| do changes occur when VNO is exposed to placebo chemicals |
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Definition
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Term
| do pheromones really affect human sexual arousal |
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Definition
-don't know
-may only produce in general feeling of well-being |
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Term
| pheromones and ovulatory synchronization in humans |
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Definition
| may help account for maenstrual synchronization |
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Term
| Glucose and digesstive regulation |
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Definition
-lower blood suger more hungry you are
-stomach sends info to brain about wether they are full or not and what nutrients it contains |
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Term
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Definition
-insulin associated with increase hunger
-leptin- when levels are high, hunger diminishes |
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Term
| food abailability and related cues |
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Definition
-hunger is influenced by availablity and if you like the taste (more likely to eat something that you like)
-hunger is also triggered by ads for food or odors from kitchen (cues) |
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Term
| learned preferences and habits dealing with food |
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Definition
-ppl from different cultures learn to like different foods
-we have innate tast preferences
-taste is partly opperant conditioning
-parents should not force food on children |
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Term
| 4 stages of the human sexual respons |
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Definition
excitement
plateau phase
orgasm phase
resolution |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to what each sex has to invest-in terms of time energy, survival risk, and for gone opportunities- to produce and nurture offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| the need to master difficult challenges, to out perform others, and to meet high standards of excellence |
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Term
| what do ppl do if they have a high need for achievement |
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Definition
-they work hard and tend to take negative feedback more effectively then others
-they don't always choose the hardest task |
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Term
| the tendency to pursue achievement in a particular situation depends on |
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Definition
-ones;s motivation ot achieve success
-estimate of the probability of success for the task on hand
-incentive value of success, depends on tangible and intangible rewards for success on the specific task |
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Term
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Definition
-can not choose which emotion you will experience
-negative emotions have a higher impact then positive |
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Term
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Definition
-fight or flight response
-knot in stomach or throat when anxious |
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Term
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Definition
-detects emotions
-measures autonomic arousal |
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Term
| Neural Circuits and emotions |
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Definition
-hypothalamus, amygdala, limbic system
-amygdala transfer emotions so fast sometimes the brain can't even think about them
-it then transfers to hypothalamus which leads to autonomic arousal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
| facial muscles send signalsto brain and these signals help brain to recognize emotion |
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Term
| James-Lange theory of emotion |
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Definition
| the perception of autonomic arousal leads to the conscious experience of fear or other emotions |
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Term
| Cannon-Bard theory of emotion |
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Definition
| eomotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals to both the cortex and autonomic nervous system at the same time |
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Term
| Schacher's two-factor theory of emotion |
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Definition
| ppl look at external rather then internal cues to differentiate and label specific emotions |
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Term
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Definition
-a deep and affectionate emotional bond
-mother and child bond is a strong emotional attachment except in autistic children |
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Term
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Definition
-form attachment it only takes a visual image
-baby ducklings imprinted on him b/c he acted like a mother duckling right after they hatched
-happens during a crital period
-konrad lorenz |
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Term
visual preferences
who did it |
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Definition
babies born w/limited vision
-Franz had 6 disks w/ different things on them and found that infants at 2-5 yrs of age favored the ones with patterns on them |
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Term
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Definition
-presented newborns wiht 3 different (normal, scrambled, blank face) heads first 2 hrs of birth
-result: infants track face like pattern the most which suggests that the human face is prewired into the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| infants can mimic facial gestures w/in 3 days of birth |
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Term
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Definition
-after nursing just a few days, infant will turn head toward pad saturated w/mothers milk vs. pad of another mother
-mothers can also recognize infants also by smell and also by touch |
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Term
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Definition
innate elicitors of maternal protective feelings
-a large forehead
-large eyes
-blunt nose
-chubby cheeks
-stubby limbs |
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Term
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Definition
wire and soft monkey experiments
conclusion:infants need more then just food and a clean diaper they also need contact comfort |
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Term
| motherless infant monkeys |
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Definition
-harlow put a monkey in isolation for 3 months and when he put another monkey in cage after those three months and the original one went into the corner and began to bite itself
-if the monkeys were isolated as babies they ended up abusing their children |
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Term
| Provence and Lipton and Orphanges |
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Definition
| -if the children were given adequate nutrition by social stimulation was limited to when they were fed or diapered they ended up having serious impairments in social deviance |
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Term
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Definition
-tried to rehab young monkeys back to social life after 6 months of isolation
-paired them w/ carefully chosed monkey therapists
-early results- playing with each other
-this worked even for monkeys that were isolated for entire yr. |
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Term
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Definition
looking for reversible effects w/humans
-followed children in an overcrowded orphanages (little individual attention)
-some were transferred to institution w/ more caregivers
-the children with better care had higher IQs, and better social adjustment |
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Term
Schanberg and Field
Implications of skin-to-skin contact for the premature baby |
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Definition
-treated grp receives body massages for 10 days (45 min)
-control grp did not receive massage
-results for massage grp:
gained 47% more weight
rated as more alert and active
leave hospital 6 days earlier
gains maintained 8 mo. later |
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Term
| how does touch produce beneficial effects |
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Definition
-rats, the mother's licking increases the release of growth hormone
-in humans, massage triggers release of insulin |
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Term
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Definition
mother brings bby into an unfamilar lab playroom
measure:
-how the baby reacts when the mother leaves the room and is left w/ a stranger
-how the baby reacts when mother returns |
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Term
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Definition
-if the mother is present the child wanders the room and returns to her periodically for comfort
-baby may or may not cry when she leaves
-very receptive when the mother returns |
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Term
insecure attachment
(2 types) |
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Definition
1.) anxious-ambivalent
*anxious even when mothers are nearby, clinging
*protest excessively when she leaves
*angry when she returns
2.) avoident attachment
*seek little contact with mother; ignore her when she approaches
*not distressed when she leaves
*avoid/ignore mother when she returns |
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Term
long term effects of attachment style
who? |
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Definition
securely attached- more positive self-esteem, were ore popular, outgoing, self-assured, and socially skilled in school
Ainsworth |
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Term
| what factors influence attachment and the form it take (Beckwith) |
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Definition
maternal sensitivity
-this will help the child have more positive self concepts, fewer behavioral/emotional problems, higher IQs |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity that is evident shortly after birth |
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Term
| Chess and Tomas study on temperment |
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Definition
-followed 236 newborns for many years
-first measure after 3 months
-results
*easy children- generally cheerful, regular patterns of hunger and tiredness, adapt easily to new experiences
*slow to warm up- uncooperative in new situations, but eventually enjoy them
*difficult- unhappy uncooperative; temper tantrums spit out new food, cry loudly
-some children are a mix of this |
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Term
| do temperments stay the same over time |
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Definition
-temperment at 3 mo. predicts temperment at age 10
-difficult infants developed more emotional problems requiring counseling |
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Term
| Kagen and behavioral inhibition |
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Definition
inhibited temperment- shy, wary of unfamiliar ppl and situations
uninhibited temperament- approach unfamiliar ppl and situations confidently |
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Term
| Seifer experiment on the influence of maternal sensitivity vs. temperment |
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Definition
results:
-maternal sensitivity is only weakly related to infants attachment
-infant temperment is more related to attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| authoritarian, permissive, authoritative-reciprocal |
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Term
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Definition
| -strict, punitive, unsympathetic, value obedience, don't explain rules to child, seldom praise |
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Term
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Definition
-lax disciplin; rarely use punishment; complete freedom
-loving, but don't assert authority |
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Term
| authoritative- reciprocal parents |
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Definition
-firm but understanding
-set limits but also encourage independenc |
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Term
| correlations between parenting styles and child outcome |
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Definition
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Term
| problem of directionality and parenting |
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Definition
| pre-existing temperment may influence parenting |
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Term
| shared genes and parenting |
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Definition
| -parenting styles may be associated w/ inherited personality traits |
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Term
| studies of twins by judith harris to see how much parents actually affect children |
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Definition
| -identical twins reared together are not much more alike then identical twins seperated in infancy and reared apart |
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Term
| studies of siblings by judith harris to see how much parents affect children |
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Definition
| -siblings raised by same parents are no ore alike then what can be explained by genetic overlap |
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Term
| day-care vs. parents study done by judith harris to see how much parents affect children |
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Definition
| -little difference in behavior problems, cognitive development, or self-esteem |
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Term
| role for the environment on childs personality |
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Definition
-peer groups is the part that matters
-personalities change to fit the peer group
-peer groups establish values of their own
-status hierarchies w/in peer group can affect personality
-social comperisons w/ in peer group can affect personality |
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Term
| is there any way for parents to shape their children |
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Definition
| influencing which peer group you kid go into |
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Term
| can parenting styles make a difference |
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Definition
yes
-shy children whose parents encourage them to try new things become less shy
-how long does it last (parental influence) |
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Term
| 3 main aspects of the psychodynamic (Freudian) perspective |
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Definition
-personality development
-personality processes
-psychotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
-individuals progessed though stages of development that were "psychosexual" in nature
*at each stage, sexual energy (libido) would shift from one body part to another
-perosnality determined by how psychosexual stages were negotiated
*too much or too little gradification at any stage could result in fixation in that stage
-the core of personality is determined by age 6 |
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Term
| are defenses from the ego healthy or unhealthy |
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Definition
-healthy if they protect us from anxiety-provoking instinctual urges
-unhealthy if they are so strong they distort reality and lead to neuroses (phobias, conversion disorder, OCD) |
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Term
| the better then average phenomenon |
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Definition
| take credit for success and blame others for bad things |
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Term
| false consensus in the face of failure |
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Definition
| saying someone would have done the same thing |
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Term
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Definition
| -attempting to justify unacceptable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| refusing to accept the true nature of a threat |
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Term
| dissocitative identity disorder |
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Definition
-multiple personality disorder
-psychological escape of memories taht are too traumatic to think about |
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Term
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Definition
-inability to recall important events taht occured during a certain time period
(triggered by a disturbing event) |
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Term
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Definition
-forgets personal identity, travels to new location, creates new identity
-usually follows disturbing even
-poor communication skills
-usually totally reversable |
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