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| discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state and external enviroment |
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| pop science, not based on research, self help books, Astrology, Graphology, Fortune-telling |
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beginning of psychology
Greek for “study of the mind”
19th Century |
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made first psychological labratory in Germany
taught how to analyze sensations and emotions described by people |
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Functionalism
William James(Father of Psychology) |
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| characterize pain as a state that tends to be caused by bodily injury...to be out of that state, to produce anxiety, and, in the absence of any stronger, conflicting desires, to cause wincing or moaning... According to this theory, all and only creatures with internal states that meet these conditions, or play these roles, are capable of being in pain. |
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| bodily changes associated with actions feelings and thoughts (genetics, nervous system) ...Darwin |
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| enviroment and experience affect person's actions....begaviorists |
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| perception, mental processes, memory, language...most researched |
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| Socio Cultural Perspective |
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| social and cultural behavior |
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| Psychodynamic Perspective |
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| inner conflicts, instincts |
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| Person who does psychotherapy; credentials and training vary (may have no degree; the term is unregulated |
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| Has specific training in psychoanalysis after an advanced degree (usually an M.D. or a Ph.D.) |
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| A physician (M.D.) with specialization in psychiatry |
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| ability and willingness to acess claims and make objective judgements on the basis of well supported reason and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote. |
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| precise definition of a term in the hypothesis |
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| organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships |
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| Critical Thinking Guidelines |
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Avoid emotional reasoning
Don’t oversimplify
Consider other interpretations
Tolerate Uncertainty
Define your terms
Examine the Evidence
Analyze Assumptions and Biases |
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| naturalistic v. laboratory observations |
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Naturalistic - find out how people or other animals act in their normal social enviroments
Laboratory - have more control, use more sophistical equipment |
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| uniform process for giving and scoring tests |
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| established standard of performance..used when scoring to determine which are high, low or average |
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| test must measure what it is designed to measure |
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| must produce the same results from one time and place to next |
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| control or non experimental |
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| statistics that organize and summarize research data |
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| Statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw inferences about how statistically meaningful a study’s results are...how likely that it was by chance? |
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| A procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies |
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| individuals of different ages are compared at a given time |
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| study in which individuals are followed and reassessed over a long period of time |
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| distinctive pattern of behavior, mannerisms, thoughts and emotions that characterizes an individual over time |
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| habitual ways of behaving, thinking and feeling...shy, outgoing, confident, gloomy etc. |
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| Subjective Validation, finding meaning in a statement that could apply to many people ...Paul Meehle |
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| Freud’s psychodynamic theory |
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| three major systems id, ego and superego. |
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| present at birth, motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure. (the life, sexual instinct- Libido, death or aggressive) |
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| referee between needs of instinct and demands of society... "reason and good reason" |
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| last to develop, morality and parental authority |
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| unconcious strategies, deny or distort reality, but can also protect from conflict and anxiety |
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| all humans share a vast collective unconcious containing universal memories, symbols, images and themes...mother nature, hero |
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| central problem in life is to find balance between need for independence and need for others. |
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Openess to Experience
(Ocean) |
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| how creative, how open to new experiences, curious |
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Conscientiousness
(oCean) |
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| degree to which people are responsible, fickle, unreliable, give up easily |
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| degree to which people are outgoing v. shy |
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| extent to which people are good natured, irritable, jealous, suspicious |
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| extent to which a person suffers from anxiety, pessimism, anger, guilt |
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| threatening idea that is blocked from conscience (due to tramatic events, sometimes remembered later in life) |
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| reverts to previous phase of psychological development...wetting beds, sucking thumb |
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| taking anger or feelings out on someone or something else |
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| Cross Cultural Phenomenon |
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| some cultures mothers sleep with baby but others try to make babies as independent as possible |
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| Abilities present at birth |
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vision: blurry, depth perception gets better about 1-2 months
Motor reflexes: rooting - touch cheek and they'll turn head that way
sucking, swallowing, walking motions, babinski(touch foot and toes curl out), grasp |
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| deep emotional bond that infants develop for primary care giver, fundamental human need |
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baby moneys ^__^
chose "mother" that was softer and only went to wire one for food |
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baby moneys ^__^
chose "mother" that was softer and only went to wire one for food |
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| baby cries when caregiver leaves, but welcomes them back...good thing =] |
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| Insecure Avoidant Attachment |
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| baby treats stranger like caregiver when caregiver leaves |
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| Insecure Anxious Attachment |
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| baby resists contact w/ caregiver when they come back, but when they leave again baby throws fit |
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longitudinal - over 1,000 children in 2 groups: > 30hrs per week and <10hrs per week
- no difference in attachment, but higher quality of daycares scored better on social, language and cognitive measures |
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| Language Acquisition Device |
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| innate mental module that allows young cihldren to develop language if they are exposed to adequate sampling of conversation |
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| Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory |
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| consists of mental adaptations to new observations and experiences....two forms assimilation and accommodation. |
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| beliefs and expectations about categories of things or people...what flowers look like, dogs |
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| fit new information into an existing schema ...roses and tulips both flowers |
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| modifying an existing schema to fit in new info....dogs and bunnies |
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Kohlberg's Theory
Preconventional Level |
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| punishment and obedience, younger kids, follow rules |
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Kohlberg's Theory
Conventional Level |
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| ages 10-11, conforming and loyalty, understand laws and justice (most adults stay in this stage) |
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Kohlberg's Theory
Postconventional Level |
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realize some laws are immoral and need to be changed
Martin Luther King Jr. |
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| Kohlberg's Theory Criticism |
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| moral reasoning is often inconsistent across situations |
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| fundamental sense of being male or female, independent of whether person conforms to social and cultural rules of gender |
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| society's idea of what boys and girls should be like |
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| gender schema - how males or females should be |
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