Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psychology
Chapter 1-3
67
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/19/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Psychology
Definition
discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state and external enviroment
Term
Pseudoscience
Definition
pop science, not based on research, self help books, Astrology, Graphology, Fortune-telling
Term
Phrenology
Definition
beginning of psychology
Greek for “study of the mind”
19th Century
Term
William Wundt(1879)
Definition
made first psychological labratory in Germany
taught how to analyze sensations and emotions described by people
Term
Functionalism
William James(Father of Psychology)
Definition
characterize pain as a state that tends to be caused by bodily injury...to be out of that state, to produce anxiety, and, in the absence of any stronger, conflicting desires, to cause wincing or moaning... According to this theory, all and only creatures with internal states that meet these conditions, or play these roles, are capable of being in pain.
Term
Biological Perspective
Definition
bodily changes associated with actions feelings and thoughts (genetics, nervous system) ...Darwin
Term
Learning Perspective
Definition
enviroment and experience affect person's actions....begaviorists
Term
Cognitive Perspective
Definition
perception, mental processes, memory, language...most researched
Term
Socio Cultural Perspective
Definition
social and cultural behavior
Term
Psychodynamic Perspective
Definition
inner conflicts, instincts
Term
Psychotherapists
Definition
Person who does psychotherapy; credentials and training vary (may have no degree; the term is unregulated
Term
Psychoanalyst
Definition
Has specific training in psychoanalysis after an advanced degree (usually an M.D. or a Ph.D.)
Term
Psychiatrist
Definition
A physician (M.D.) with specialization in psychiatry
Term
critical thinking
Definition
ability and willingness to acess claims and make objective judgements on the basis of well supported reason and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote.
Term
operational definition
Definition
precise definition of a term in the hypothesis
Term
Theory
Definition
organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships
Term
Critical Thinking Guidelines
Definition
Avoid emotional reasoning
Don’t oversimplify
Consider other interpretations
Tolerate Uncertainty
Define your terms
Examine the Evidence
Analyze Assumptions and Biases
Term
naturalistic v. laboratory observations
Definition
Naturalistic - find out how people or other animals act in their normal social enviroments

Laboratory - have more control, use more sophistical equipment
Term
Standardization
Definition
uniform process for giving and scoring tests
Term
Norms
Definition
established standard of performance..used when scoring to determine which are high, low or average
Term
Validity
Definition
test must measure what it is designed to measure
Term
Reliability
Definition
must produce the same results from one time and place to next
Term
Placebo
Definition
control or non experimental
Term
Descriptive Statistics
Definition
statistics that organize and summarize research data
Term
Inferential Statistics
Definition
Statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw inferences about how statistically meaningful a study’s results are...how likely that it was by chance?
Term
Meta-Analysis
Definition
A procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies
Term
Cross-Sectional
Definition
individuals of different ages are compared at a given time
Term
Longitudinal Research
Definition
study in which individuals are followed and reassessed over a long period of time
Term
Personality
Definition
distinctive pattern of behavior, mannerisms, thoughts and emotions that characterizes an individual over time
Term
Trait
Definition
habitual ways of behaving, thinking and feeling...shy, outgoing, confident, gloomy etc.
Term
Barnum Effect
Definition
Subjective Validation, finding meaning in a statement that could apply to many people ...Paul Meehle
Term
Freud’s psychodynamic theory
Definition
three major systems id, ego and superego.
Term
Id
Definition
present at birth, motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure. (the life, sexual instinct- Libido, death or aggressive)
Term
Ego
Definition
referee between needs of instinct and demands of society... "reason and good reason"
Term
Superego
Definition
last to develop, morality and parental authority
Term
Defense Mechanisms
Definition
unconcious strategies, deny or distort reality, but can also protect from conflict and anxiety
Term
Jung's archtypes
Definition
all humans share a vast collective unconcious containing universal memories, symbols, images and themes...mother nature, hero
Term
Object-relations theory
Definition
central problem in life is to find balance between need for independence and need for others.
Term
Openess to Experience
(Ocean)
Definition
how creative, how open to new experiences, curious
Term
Conscientiousness
(oCean)
Definition
degree to which people are responsible, fickle, unreliable, give up easily
Term
Extroversion
(ocEan)
Definition
degree to which people are outgoing v. shy
Term
Agreeableness
(oceAn)
Definition
extent to which people are good natured, irritable, jealous, suspicious
Term
Neuroticism
(oceaN)
Definition
extent to which a person suffers from anxiety, pessimism, anger, guilt
Term
Repression
Definition
threatening idea that is blocked from conscience (due to tramatic events, sometimes remembered later in life)
Term
Projection
Definition
reverts to previous phase of psychological development...wetting beds, sucking thumb
Term
Displacement
Definition
taking anger or feelings out on someone or something else
Term
Cross Cultural Phenomenon
Definition
some cultures mothers sleep with baby but others try to make babies as independent as possible
Term
Abilities present at birth
Definition
vision: blurry, depth perception gets better about 1-2 months
Motor reflexes: rooting - touch cheek and they'll turn head that way
sucking, swallowing, walking motions, babinski(touch foot and toes curl out), grasp
Term
Attachment
Definition
deep emotional bond that infants develop for primary care giver, fundamental human need
Term
Harlow Study
Definition
baby moneys ^__^

chose "mother" that was softer and only went to wire one for food
Term
Harlow Study
Definition
baby moneys ^__^

chose "mother" that was softer and only went to wire one for food
Term
Secure Attachment
Definition
baby cries when caregiver leaves, but welcomes them back...good thing =]
Term
Insecure Avoidant Attachment
Definition
baby treats stranger like caregiver when caregiver leaves
Term
Insecure Anxious Attachment
Definition
baby resists contact w/ caregiver when they come back, but when they leave again baby throws fit
Term
Daycare Study
Definition
longitudinal - over 1,000 children in 2 groups: > 30hrs per week and <10hrs per week

- no difference in attachment, but higher quality of daycares scored better on social, language and cognitive measures
Term
Language Acquisition Device
Definition
innate mental module that allows young cihldren to develop language if they are exposed to adequate sampling of conversation
Term
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
Definition
consists of mental adaptations to new observations and experiences....two forms assimilation and accommodation.
Term
Schemas
Definition
beliefs and expectations about categories of things or people...what flowers look like, dogs
Term
Assimilation
Definition
fit new information into an existing schema ...roses and tulips both flowers
Term
Accommodation
Definition
modifying an existing schema to fit in new info....dogs and bunnies
Term
Kohlberg's Theory
Preconventional Level
Definition
punishment and obedience, younger kids, follow rules
Term
Kohlberg's Theory
Conventional Level
Definition
ages 10-11, conforming and loyalty, understand laws and justice (most adults stay in this stage)
Term
Kohlberg's Theory
Postconventional Level
Definition
realize some laws are immoral and need to be changed
Martin Luther King Jr.
Term
Kohlberg's Theory Criticism
Definition
moral reasoning is often inconsistent across situations
Term
Gender Identity
Definition
fundamental sense of being male or female, independent of whether person conforms to social and cultural rules of gender
Term
Gender Typing
Definition
society's idea of what boys and girls should be like
Term
influences on gender
Definition
gender schema - how males or females should be
Supporting users have an ad free experience!