the philosophical view that we obtain all knowledge through observable facts and experiences (observation, quantification, the principle of parsimony)

- a structuralist

- focused on the smaller elements that make up the human experience 

- a Functionalist

- wrote like novelist

- focused on advantages resulting from difficult human attributes

- tip of the tongue

- a functionalist

- wrote like a psychologist

- brother of William James

- Wilhelm Wundt is a structuralist

- structuralist psychologists break down complex phenomena to their smallest components and then study these components assuming if they study all the parts they will understand the whole

- William James & Henry James are functionalists

- Functionalist psychologists examine behaviours, traits, and preceptions by asking "What are they for"/ what is the function

Rationalism is how we generate a hypothesis

that we can empirically test

Technology is the application  of scientific knowledge for practical purposes

- functionalists touch on the natural selection

- characteristics of a species (hearing,seeing,tasting ect.) get passed down to offspring

is a testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured

- you cant prove a hypothesis

- an idea that is presented as science but does not actually utilize basic principles of scientific thinking 

- an example is astrology

theory

- is an explanation for a broad range of observations that also generates new hypothesis and integrates numerous findings into a coherent whole

explains behaviour as a product of biology, psychological and sociocultural factors

- knowledge gathering

- scientific explanation

- application

- critical thinking

- is the belief that all events are governed by lawful, cause and effect relationships 

- ei. laws of gravity 

- behaviours that are determined

- "Spirit of times"

- refers to a general set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history

- Wilhelm Wundt is a structuralist

- structuralist psychologists break down complex phenomena to their smallest components and then study these components assuming if they study all the parts they will understand the whole

- Functional magnetic resonance imaging

- allows us to reliably detect activity throughout the entire brain and depict this actively on clear 3-D images

- understanding the neural mechanism for cognitive behaviors such as memory, emotions, and decision making

-combination of cognitive psychology and biopsychology 

- focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human each person's freedom to act, his or her rational thought and the belief that humans are fundamentally different from other animals 

- understand the meaning of personal experience 

-they believe people could they believe people could attain mental well-being and satisfaction through gaining a greater understanding of themselves rather than by being diagnosed with a disorder 

- opposite materialism

- belief that there are properties of humans that are not material like the soul and mind 

- the field of psychology that concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

- thinking of certain parts of the brain controlling specific mental abilities and personality characteristics 

- is a psychological approach that attempts to explain how behavior and personality are influenced by unconscious processes

- Freuds idea

1. he influenced the study of the individual differences between people

2. great achievements tend to run in the family

3. he developed ways to measure his beliefs in what he calls eminece: a combination of ability, mortality and achievement

4. he developed nature vs. nurture the inquiry into how heredity (nature) and environment (Nurture) influence behaviour and mental processes 

5. he believes in  eugenics "good genes"

- to look within 

- William Wundt thought of this

- basic sensation were the mental "atoms"

- reaction time- measuring mental effort  

- he is known for his research on the digestive system, noticed that the dog begins to salivate when the device that distributed the meat power (food). the salvation occurred before delivery of food 

- this research is on the mechanisms of learning

- Skinner's view

- the foundation of behaviour was now an organism responded to rewards and punishment

- it is logical theory we tend to repeat actions to get rewards and not repeat to avoid punishment 

- focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human, each person's freedom to act, his or her rational thoughts and the belief that humans are fundamentally different from other animals 

- understand the meaning of personal experience 

- the beielve people could attain mental well-being and satisfaction through gaining a greater understanding of themselves rather than diagnosing them with a disorder 

- examined how cells in the brain can change over the course of learning

- Hebb's Law: is a theory that demonstrates that memory - a behavior that we can measure and that affects so many parts of our lives- is actually related to activity occurring as the cellular level . Behaviour can be studied from neurons to the entire brain

- emphasizes human's ability to see whole forms

- able to see sphere that does not exist in image

- an approach emphasizing that psychologists need to focus on the whole of preception and experience rather than parts