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Psychology
midterm 2
110
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/03/2016

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Personality
Definition
the unique characteristic that account for enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behaviour
a collection of stable states and characteristics
varies from one individual to another
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
psychoanalyst developed the
psychodynamic perspective
he said that people are influenced by their unconscious
Term
conscious
Definition
the thoughts and feelings that we are aware of at any given moment
Term
preconscious
Definition
holds memories or feelings that we aren't consciously thinking about, but can be brought to consciousness
Term
unconscious
Definition
holds memories or feelings that are so unpleasant or anxiety provoking that are repressed
Term
ID
Definition
basic instictual drives
present at birth LARGELY UNCONSCIOUS
pleasure principle
Term
Ego
Definition
devolps due to learning
reality principle, realistic part of personality
must satisfy the drives of the ide while complying with the environment
Term
Super Ego
Definition
Moral limits
develops during childhood
moslty conscious
guilt and anxiety
Term
Defense mechanisms
Definition
unconscious tactics to protect us from anxiety and internal conflict by dealing with ID impulses
Term
defense mechanisms
Definition
unconscious tactics to protect us from anxiety and internal conflict by dealing with ID impulses
Term
Repression
Definition
keep unpleasant thoughts burried deeply in unconscious desires
Term
Denial
Definition
refusal to acknowledge an existing situation
Term
Alfred Adler
Definition
Neo Freudian
Conscious thoughts are more important to human behaviour than sexual needs
"inferiority complex"
feelings of inferiority motivate a quest for superiority
Term
Inferiority Complex
Definition
feeling of helplessness
Term
Carl Jung
Definition
Neo Freudian
defined personal unconscious and collective unconscious
did not focus on sexuality aggression
Term
personal unconscious
Definition
formed through individual experiences
Term
collective unconscious
Definition
inherited memories shaped by human behaviour
archetypes
Term
archetypes
Definition
universal images and ideas common to all people
Term
karen Horney
Definition
Neo Freudian
Rejected the idea of penis envy
defined basic anxiety
culture has a role in development
Term
Basic Anxiety
Definition
Develops in children who experience extreme feeling of isolation and helplessness, stets stage for later neurosis
Term
Abraham Maslow
Definition
Developed the Positive psychology
Opposite from Freud
Humans are basically good and have an urge to grow and fulfill his or her potential
Term
Peak Experiences
Definition
moments in which people experience intense clarity of perception
Term
Positive Psychology
Definition
an area of psychology focusing on positive experiences and healthy mental functioning
Term
Carl Rogers
Definition
Humanistic
believed that people are basically good and naturally strive for self actualization
explained "self concept" and "unconditional positive regard"
developed the client centered therapy
Term
Self Concept
Definition
consistent pattern of self perception describing how we see ourselves
Term
Unconditional positive regard
Definition
acceptance without terms or conditions
Term
Client-Centerd Therapy
Definition
Developed by Carl Rogers
Put aside conditions of worth developed in childhood
Term
Gordon Alport
Definition
First trait theorist
thought people are generally healthy and organized
believed that the present is more important than the past in defining personality
first to suggest personality is composed by traits and people have specific traits
Term
Central Traits
Definition
Collection of related traits which predict behaviour
Term
Hans Eysenck
Definition
trait theorist
used de factor analysis to creat superfactors
defined superfactors
Term
Superfactor
Definition
1 of 3 fundamental dimensions of personality mad up of a related cluster of personality traits
Term
3 major superfactors
Definition
Neurotcism
Extraversion
Psychotism
Term
Neuroticism
Definition
degree to which one experience negative emotions
Low: calm, even-tempered
High: Worrying, temperamental
Term
Extraversion
Definition
Degree to which one is out going
Introvert: thoughtful, reliable, passive
extrovert: Impulsive sociable, assertive
Term
Psychotism
Definition
degree to which one is vulnerable to psychoses or loss of touch with reality
Term
the 5 factor theory
Definition
an empirically derived trait theory that proposes 5 major trait categories
Term
5 major trait categories
Definition
agreebleness/disagreebleness
extraversion/introversion
neuroticism/stability
conscientiousness/irresposibility
openness to experiences/unimaginativeness
Term
Situationism
Definition
behaviour is governed by situation rather than internal traits
Term
Alfred Bandura
Definition
Personality is the result of the interaction between a person and social context
defined delf efficiency and reciprocal determinism
Term
Self Efficiency
Definition
Term
self efficiency
Definition
a person's belief that they are able to achieve their goal
Term
Reciprocal determinism
Definition
reciprocal relationship that exists among environment, behaviour, and internal mental events
Term
Personality Inventories
Definition
questionaries designed to assess various aspects of personality
Term
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI2)
Definition
useful assessing abnoramal personality characteristics
576 items
Term
Neo Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)
Definition
Evaluates traits comprising three of the five superfactors
Neuroticisim, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Openness
Term
projective test
Definition
use ambiguous stimulation to access a person's unconscious
Term
Rorschach Test
Definition
ambiguous shapes intended to force participants to project meaning
Term
Thematic Apperception Test
Definition
Participant create stories describing ambiguous black n white drawings
Term
Phrenology
Definition
A method of assessing a person's mental and moral qualities by studying the shape of the person's skull
Term
Franz Joseph Gall
Definition
Said that personality traits are located in specific regions of the brain
Size of the brain region determines strength of trait
Term
Amygdala
Definition
Emotion, motivation, processing of negative stimuli
Term
Personality Disorder
Definition
an inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour that causes distress or difficulty with daily functioning
Term
Borderline Personality Disorder
Definition
Severe mood and self concept instability, high levels of volatility
Term
Emotion Dysregulation
Definition
poorly regulated emotions
Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
extreme disregard for feelings and right for others
Term
Social Psychology
Definition
Seeks to understand, explain, and predict how people's thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others
Term
Social Cognition
Definition
How people perceive, interpret, and categorize their own and others' social behaviour
Term
Attitudes
Definition
Relatively stable and enduring evaluations of things and people
Term
Cognitive Dissonance
Definition
we change our beliefs to justify our actions
Term
Self perception theory
Definition
when uncertain we infer what our attitudes are by observing our own behaviour
Term
Attitude Specificity
Definition
To more specific an attitude the more likely is to predict behaviour
Term
Attitude Strength
Definition
Stronger attitudes predict behaviour more accurately than weak or vague attitudes
Term
Social Desirability
Definition
Attitudes that mirror what we think others desire in person
Term
Implicit attitude
Definition
An attitude of which the person is unaware
Term
stereotypes
Definition
generalized impressions based on social categories
Term
Prejudice
Definition
Negative stereotypical attitudes toward all members to a group
Term
Evolutionary perspective
Definition
Stereotypes and prejudice may have had some adaptive value
Term
Realistic Conflict Theory
Definition
Amount of actual conflict between groups determines the amount of prejudice between groups
Term
Social Identitiy Theory
Definition
Emphasizes social cognitive factors in the onset of prejudice
Term
Persuasion
Definition
The act of causing people to do or believe something
Term
Central Rout
Definition
Relies on content factual info and logic to change attitudes
Term
Peripheral Rout
Definition
Focuses on superficial features
Term
Foot in the door
Definition
Persuasion Strategy
get them to agree to something small so they'll agree to something larger
Term
Door in the face
Definition
persuasion strategy
ask for something very big knowing you are going to get turned down, but then ask for smaller item (really wanted)
Term
Appeals to fear
Definition
ads make it seem like something bad will happen if you don't comply
Term
attribution
Definition
Causal explanations of behaviour
Term
dispositional attribution
Definition
the behaviour was caused because of the person
Term
situational attribution
Definition
the behaviour was caused by the situation
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
the tendency to use dispositional attributions to explain the behaviour of other people
Term
Actor Observer Effect
Definition
We tend to use dispositional attributions to explain the behaviour of a person
Term
self serving bias
Definition
tendency to attribute successes to dispositional causes and failures to situational causes
Term
Chameleon Effect
Definition
Tendency to unconsciously mimic the expressions gestures and postures of others
Term
Social Norms
Definition
Rules about how members of a society are expected to act
Term
social role
Definition
a set of norms ascribed to a person's social position expectations
Term
Philip Zimbardo
Definition
creator of the standford prison experiment
Term
conformity
Definition
the tendency to yield to social pressure
Term
Salomon asch
Definition
recluted people for a conformity study
Term
obedience
Definition
the act of following direct comands usually given by an authority
Term
Group
Definition
an organized stable collection of individuals who share a common identity
Term
Group dynamic
Definition
how membership or participation in a group influences our thoughts and behaviours
Term
additive task
Definition
productivity increses with group size
Term
conjuctive taske
Definition
Groups productive as it's weakess member
Term
disjunctive task
Definition
a single solution is required the strongest group member will provide it
Term
divisible task
Definition
simultaneous performance of several tasks
Term
Social Facilitation
Definition
Improvement in performance because others are present
Term
social loafing
Definition
tendency to expect less effort in a group task than one would if working alone
Term
Group polarization
Definition
initial attitudes become more intense with group interaction
Term
Groupthink
Definition
faculty group descision making that occur when group members strike unanimity
Term
altruism
Definition
self sacrifying behaviour carried out for the benefit of others
Term
bystender effect
Definition
the more people pressent the less likely anyone will attmpt to help
Term
Abnormal Pschology
Definition
the scientific study of psychological disorders
Term
4 D's of Abnormal Psychology
Definition
Deviance
Distress
Dysfunction
Danger
Term
Deviance
Definition
When thoughts, believes and emotions differ from what society consider to be proper functioning
Term
Distress
Definition
to be considered abnormal, thoughts and emotions can cause distress and unhappiness
Term
Dysfunction
Definition
Psychological disorders interfere with daily function
Term
Danger
Definition
Sometimes people with psychological disorders could be dangerous to themselves or others
Term
International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)
Definition
System used by most countries to classify psychological disorders, published by World Health Organization
Term
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-V)
Definition
Manual used to diagnose mental disorders in North America
Term
Neurodevelopmental disorder
Definition
Disorder with their onsel in the developmental period
Term
Neurocognitive
Definition
Disorder where the primary clinical deficit is the cognitive function
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