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the unique characteristic that account for enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behaviour
a collection of stable states and characteristics
varies from one individual to another |
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psychoanalyst developed the
psychodynamic perspective
he said that people are influenced by their unconscious |
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| the thoughts and feelings that we are aware of at any given moment |
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| holds memories or feelings that we aren't consciously thinking about, but can be brought to consciousness |
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| holds memories or feelings that are so unpleasant or anxiety provoking that are repressed |
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basic instictual drives
present at birth LARGELY UNCONSCIOUS
pleasure principle |
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devolps due to learning
reality principle, realistic part of personality
must satisfy the drives of the ide while complying with the environment |
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Moral limits
develops during childhood
moslty conscious
guilt and anxiety |
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| unconscious tactics to protect us from anxiety and internal conflict by dealing with ID impulses |
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| unconscious tactics to protect us from anxiety and internal conflict by dealing with ID impulses |
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| keep unpleasant thoughts burried deeply in unconscious desires |
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| refusal to acknowledge an existing situation |
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Neo Freudian
Conscious thoughts are more important to human behaviour than sexual needs
"inferiority complex"
feelings of inferiority motivate a quest for superiority |
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Neo Freudian
defined personal unconscious and collective unconscious
did not focus on sexuality aggression |
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| formed through individual experiences |
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inherited memories shaped by human behaviour
archetypes |
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| universal images and ideas common to all people |
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Neo Freudian
Rejected the idea of penis envy
defined basic anxiety
culture has a role in development |
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| Develops in children who experience extreme feeling of isolation and helplessness, stets stage for later neurosis |
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Developed the Positive psychology
Opposite from Freud
Humans are basically good and have an urge to grow and fulfill his or her potential |
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| moments in which people experience intense clarity of perception |
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| an area of psychology focusing on positive experiences and healthy mental functioning |
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Humanistic
believed that people are basically good and naturally strive for self actualization
explained "self concept" and "unconditional positive regard"
developed the client centered therapy |
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| consistent pattern of self perception describing how we see ourselves |
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| Unconditional positive regard |
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| acceptance without terms or conditions |
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Developed by Carl Rogers
Put aside conditions of worth developed in childhood |
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First trait theorist
thought people are generally healthy and organized
believed that the present is more important than the past in defining personality
first to suggest personality is composed by traits and people have specific traits |
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| Collection of related traits which predict behaviour |
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trait theorist
used de factor analysis to creat superfactors
defined superfactors |
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| 1 of 3 fundamental dimensions of personality mad up of a related cluster of personality traits |
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Neurotcism
Extraversion
Psychotism |
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degree to which one experience negative emotions
Low: calm, even-tempered
High: Worrying, temperamental |
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Degree to which one is out going
Introvert: thoughtful, reliable, passive
extrovert: Impulsive sociable, assertive |
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| degree to which one is vulnerable to psychoses or loss of touch with reality |
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| an empirically derived trait theory that proposes 5 major trait categories |
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agreebleness/disagreebleness
extraversion/introversion
neuroticism/stability
conscientiousness/irresposibility
openness to experiences/unimaginativeness |
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| behaviour is governed by situation rather than internal traits |
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Personality is the result of the interaction between a person and social context
defined delf efficiency and reciprocal determinism |
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| a person's belief that they are able to achieve their goal |
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| reciprocal relationship that exists among environment, behaviour, and internal mental events |
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| questionaries designed to assess various aspects of personality |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI2) |
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useful assessing abnoramal personality characteristics
576 items |
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| Neo Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) |
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Evaluates traits comprising three of the five superfactors
Neuroticisim, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Openness |
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| use ambiguous stimulation to access a person's unconscious |
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| ambiguous shapes intended to force participants to project meaning |
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| Thematic Apperception Test |
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| Participant create stories describing ambiguous black n white drawings |
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| A method of assessing a person's mental and moral qualities by studying the shape of the person's skull |
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Said that personality traits are located in specific regions of the brain
Size of the brain region determines strength of trait |
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| Emotion, motivation, processing of negative stimuli |
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| an inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour that causes distress or difficulty with daily functioning |
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| Borderline Personality Disorder |
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| Severe mood and self concept instability, high levels of volatility |
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| poorly regulated emotions |
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| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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| extreme disregard for feelings and right for others |
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| Seeks to understand, explain, and predict how people's thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others |
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| How people perceive, interpret, and categorize their own and others' social behaviour |
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| Relatively stable and enduring evaluations of things and people |
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| we change our beliefs to justify our actions |
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| when uncertain we infer what our attitudes are by observing our own behaviour |
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| To more specific an attitude the more likely is to predict behaviour |
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| Stronger attitudes predict behaviour more accurately than weak or vague attitudes |
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| Attitudes that mirror what we think others desire in person |
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| An attitude of which the person is unaware |
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| generalized impressions based on social categories |
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| Negative stereotypical attitudes toward all members to a group |
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| Stereotypes and prejudice may have had some adaptive value |
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| Realistic Conflict Theory |
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| Amount of actual conflict between groups determines the amount of prejudice between groups |
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| Emphasizes social cognitive factors in the onset of prejudice |
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| The act of causing people to do or believe something |
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| Relies on content factual info and logic to change attitudes |
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| Focuses on superficial features |
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Persuasion Strategy
get them to agree to something small so they'll agree to something larger |
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persuasion strategy
ask for something very big knowing you are going to get turned down, but then ask for smaller item (really wanted) |
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| ads make it seem like something bad will happen if you don't comply |
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| Causal explanations of behaviour |
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| dispositional attribution |
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| the behaviour was caused because of the person |
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| the behaviour was caused by the situation |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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| the tendency to use dispositional attributions to explain the behaviour of other people |
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| We tend to use dispositional attributions to explain the behaviour of a person |
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| tendency to attribute successes to dispositional causes and failures to situational causes |
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| Tendency to unconsciously mimic the expressions gestures and postures of others |
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| Rules about how members of a society are expected to act |
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| a set of norms ascribed to a person's social position expectations |
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| creator of the standford prison experiment |
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| the tendency to yield to social pressure |
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| recluted people for a conformity study |
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| the act of following direct comands usually given by an authority |
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| an organized stable collection of individuals who share a common identity |
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| how membership or participation in a group influences our thoughts and behaviours |
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| productivity increses with group size |
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| Groups productive as it's weakess member |
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| a single solution is required the strongest group member will provide it |
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| simultaneous performance of several tasks |
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| Improvement in performance because others are present |
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| tendency to expect less effort in a group task than one would if working alone |
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| initial attitudes become more intense with group interaction |
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| faculty group descision making that occur when group members strike unanimity |
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| self sacrifying behaviour carried out for the benefit of others |
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| the more people pressent the less likely anyone will attmpt to help |
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| the scientific study of psychological disorders |
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| 4 D's of Abnormal Psychology |
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Deviance
Distress
Dysfunction
Danger |
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| When thoughts, believes and emotions differ from what society consider to be proper functioning |
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| to be considered abnormal, thoughts and emotions can cause distress and unhappiness |
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| Psychological disorders interfere with daily function |
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| Sometimes people with psychological disorders could be dangerous to themselves or others |
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| International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) |
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| System used by most countries to classify psychological disorders, published by World Health Organization |
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| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-V) |
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| Manual used to diagnose mental disorders in North America |
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| Neurodevelopmental disorder |
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| Disorder with their onsel in the developmental period |
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| Disorder where the primary clinical deficit is the cognitive function |
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