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| is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The goals of psychologyare to describe, explain, predict, and control the behaviors and mental process of both humans and animals. |
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Germany in 1879
developed the technique of objective introspection: the process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities
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| a student of Wundt’s, expanded Wundt’s ideas and brought the method of introspection to the United States, calling his approach structuralism |
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focused on discovering how our mental processes help us to function in our daily lives andbegan to promote his viewpoint known as functionalism.
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| were studyinghow sensation and perception create a pattern that is greater than the sum of the individual components |
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developed his theory of psychoanalysis, assigning a primary roleto the unconscious.
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expanded the findings of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, to
promote the perspective of behaviorism.
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| Today seven major perspectives make up the field of psychology |
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psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, biopsychological, cognitive,sociocultural, and evolutionary
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The field of psychology offers a range of professional opportunities, many based on direct practice
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psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatric social workers provide varying forms of mental health care with varyingspecializations and training. Psychologists might also perform clinical work, but can specialize
in many other areas and work in many different settings.
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Psychologists, like all scientists, use the
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| scientific method. Specific research techniquesinclude naturalistic observation, participant observation, case studies, surveys, andstrategies that take a correlational approach. |
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In an experiment, the researcher
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| manipulates an independent variable and measures some response from the participants on the dependent variable |
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| In order to accomplish this, the researcher usually observes two groups |
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| an experimental group and a control group. The researcher will most likely use random assignments to determine which participants will go into which group. |
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| Often, the control group receives a bogus treatment in order to control for the |
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| the participants are not told which group they are in is a |
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In order to control for any expectations the experimenter might have the
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| the study might bedesigned so that neither the participants nor the experimenter know who is in which group |
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Relying on the scientific method can help foster a more general attitude.
making reasoned judgments about
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•the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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behavior: outward or overt actions and reactions
mental processes: internal, covert activity of our minds
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•Description
•Explanation
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What is happening?
theory: general explanation of a set of observations or facts
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•Description
•Explanation
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What is happening?
theory: general explanation of a set of observations or facts
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will it happen again?
how it can be changed |
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| Titchener’s student; first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology |
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