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| An organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelations. |
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| A statement that attempts to predict or to account for a set of phenomena; scientific hypotheses specify relations among events or variables and are empirically tested. |
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| A precise definition of a term in a hypotheses which specifies the operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being defined. |
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| Principle of Falsifiability |
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| The principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation; that is, the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what will not happen. |
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| The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms ones own belief. |
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| A group of individuals, selected from a population for study, which matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex. |
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| Methods that yield descriptions of behaviour but not necessarily causal explanations. |
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| A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated. |
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| A study in which the researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behaviour with out interfering with the behaviour; it may involve either naturalistic or laboratory observation. |
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| Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states,aptitudes, interests, abilities and values. |
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| In test construction, to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test. |
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| In test construction,established standards of performance. |
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| In test construction, the consistency derived from a test from one time and place to another. |
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| The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure. |
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| Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly abut their experiences, attitudes or opinions. |
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| A shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample; the volunteers may differ from those who did not volunteer. |
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| A descriptive study that looks for a consistent relation between two phenomena. |
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| A measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. |
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| Characterisitics of behaviour or experience that can be measured or described by a numeric scale. |
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| An association between increases in one variable and increases in another-or between decreases in one and another. |
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| An association between increases in one variable and decreases in another. |
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| Coefficient of Correlation |
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| A measure of correlation that ranges in value from -1.00 to +1.00. |
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| A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another. |
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| A variable that an experimenter manipulates. |
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| A variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable. |
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| In an experiment a comparison condition in which participants are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition. |
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| A procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups in which each individual has the same probability as any other of being assigned to a given group. |
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| An inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient. |
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| An experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group. |
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| Unintended changes in study participants behaviour due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter. |
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| An experiment in which neither the people being studied nor the individuals running the study know who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group until after the results are tallied. |
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| Descriptive or experimental research conducted in a natural setting outside the laboratory. |
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| Statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data. |
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| An average that is calculated by adding up a set of quantities and dividing the sum by the total number of quantities in the set. |
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| A commonly used measure of variability that indicates the average difference between scores in a distribution and their mean. |
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| Statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw inferences about how statistically meaningful a study results are. |
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| Statistical tests that show how likely it is that a study's results occurred merely by chance. |
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| A study in which people (or animals) of different ages are compared at a given time. |
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| A study in which people (or animals) are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time. |
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| The amount of variance among scores in a study accounted for by the independent variable. |
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| A procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies; it determines how much of the variance in scores across all the studies can be explained by a particular variable. |
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| The doctrine that anyone who participates in human research must do so voluntarily and must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about whether to take part. |
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| Relying on or derived from observation,experimentation or measurement. |
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| The discipline concerned with behaviour and mental processes and how they are affected by an organisms physical state, mental state, and external environment. |
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| Pseudoscience and quackery covered by a veneer of psychological and scientific sounding language. (Ex:promises easy fixes to life problems). |
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| The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well supported reasons and evidence, rather then emotion or anecdote. |
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| The principle of choosing the solution that accounts for the most evidence while making the fewest unverified assumptions. |
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| Ask Questions Be Willing To Wonder |
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| Can i recall events from my childhood accurately? |
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| By childhood i mean ages 3 to 12. By events i mean things that happened to me personally. |
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| I feel i really my fifth birthday party perfectly, but studies show that people often reconstruct past events inaccurately. |
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| Analyze Assumptions and Biases |
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| "I've always assumed that memory is like a tape recorder perfectly accurate for every moment of my life- but maybe this is just a bias because its so reassuring." |
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| Avoid Emotional Reasoning |
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| "I really want to believe this memory is true, but it doesn't mean it is." |
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| "Some of my childhood memories could be accurate,others mistaken, and some partly right and partly wrong." |
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| Consider Other Interpretations |
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| "Some memories could be based on what my parents told me later, not on my own recall." |
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| "I may never know former whether some of my childhood memories are real or accurate." |
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| The now discredited theory that different brain areas account for specific character and personality traits, which can be "read" from bumps on the skull. |
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| An early psychological approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements. (Ex Report what they heard in a metronome pattern) |
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| Emphasized the function or purpose of behaviour and consciousness. |
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| A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts. |
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| A psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings and thoughts. |
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| A field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition, development, emotion social practices, and other areas of human behaviour. |
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| A psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a persons or animals actions; it includes behaviourism and social-cognitive learning theories. |
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| An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behaviour and the role of the environment as the determinant of behaviour. |
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| A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving and other areas of behaviour. |
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| Sociocultural Perspective |
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| A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behaviour. |
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| Psychodynamic Perspective |
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| A psychological approach that emphasizes unconcious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or movement of instinctual energy. |
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| A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential, rather than the scientific understanding and assessment of behaviour. |
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| A psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behaviour of the two sexes. |
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| Providing health or mental-health services. |
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| The study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for it's sake rather than for it's practical application. |
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| The study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance; also, the application of psychological findings. |
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| Unregulated person who does any kind of psychotherapy. |
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| A person who practices psychoanalysis, and who has obtained specialized training at a psychoanalytic institute and undergone extensive psychoanalysis personally. |
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| A medical doctor (MD) who has completed a three year residency in psychiatry t learn how to diagnose and treat mental disorders under the supervision of more experienced physicians. |
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