Term
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Definition
| Need or desire that directs behavior. |
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Term
| Instinct theory of motivation |
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Definition
| Genetically predisposed behaviors (motivated by nature) |
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Term
| Drive-reduction theory of motivation |
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Definition
Physiological need creates a drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
Ex. Need (water), drive (thirst), drive-reducing behavior (drinking) |
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Term
| Arousal theory of motivation |
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Definition
Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal
-If we are lacking stimulation, we feel bored, and then look for a way to increase arousal to an optimal level
Ex. Bored, go to the club, dance and have a great time= Satisfied (the right amount of stimulus needed was met) |
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Term
| Maslow's theory of hierarchy |
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Definition
Once lower-level needs are met, we are prompted to satisfy higher-level needs
-Can’t achieve a higher level until you’ve succeeded the previous level (thirst and hunger needs must be met before safety needs, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
Intrinsic: Internal (I better study for that next test because I need to get an 80 or better)
Extrinsic: External (If I get an A, my parents will give me $50) |
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Term
| What drives us to eat (what factors produce hunger)? |
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Definition
Hypothalamus: Regulates appetite
1. Glucose: If blood glucose level drops, brain will trigger hunger
2.Hunger triggering hormones:
Orexin→ Produced in the hypothalamus and is released when glucose levels drop (triggers hunger)
Leptin→ Decreases hunger |
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Term
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Definition
Certain level of fat our body tries to maintain
-Ex. On a diet, drop weight, then hit plateau (hard to lose weight once you hit the set point)
-Heredity influences body type and set point |
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Term
| Psychology of Hunger (what factors influence hunger)? |
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Definition
1. Psychological: Chemistry and environmental
2. Cultural: Influence taste preferences
3. Situational: Eating with others (social), and food variety such as a buffet increase eating |
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Term
| Why does the body store fat? |
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Definition
| Body stores fat for backup energy. |
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Term
| Social effects of obesity |
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Definition
1. Depression
2. Lower psychological well-being (especially among women) |
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Term
| Physiology of Obesity (why contributes to obesity?) |
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Definition
1. Set point and metabolism: Body weight drops below set point increasing hunger and decreasing metabolism
2. Genetics
3. Food and activity: “Fattening world” Eating more, moving less |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct physical development of sex characteristics and activate sexual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
External: Arousal occurs from watching movies or reading books containing sexual content
Internal: Imagination influences sexual arousal and desire |
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Term
| Factors contributing to teen pregnancy |
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Definition
1. Lack of communication regarding birth control
2. Guilt related to sexual activity
3. Alcohol use
4. Media |
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Term
| Factors preventing adolescent sexual activity |
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Definition
1. High intelligence
2. Religion
3. Father presence
4. Sex education |
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Term
| What motivates people at work? |
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Definition
1.Autonomy (working for yourself)
2. Mastery (you are satisfied when you are able to perform well. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotions arousing stimulus leads to the physiological (widened eyes, adrenaline release) response. |
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Term
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Definition
| We experience our emotions because we are aware of the physiological responses, resulting in the appropriate emotion (heart pounding when seeing a bear, then understanding that you are experiencing fear). |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus triggers the physiological response and the emotion at the same exact time. |
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Term
| Two Factor Theory (Schachter and Singer) |
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Definition
That we must be physiology aroused by a stimulus and that we also have to be able to identify it.
(Man with hook hand might be in the house if you hear the floor creak) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ones thoughts about a situation, and how it interprets its environment. This is what Theories of Emotions are based on. |
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Term
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Definition
Theory states that there is no cognitive process to our emotions. Contradicts Cognitive Appraisal.
Some emotions skip the “thinking part” of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory states that there is a minimum of unconscious thought required to feel those emotions. |
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Term
| What are the 3 forms of expression? |
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Definition
Non-Verbal: 80% of communication is non-verbal
Facial Expressions
Body Language |
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Term
| 10 emotions defined by Izzard: |
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Definition
Joy
Disgust
Excitement
Contempt
Surprise
Fear
Sadness
Shame
Anger
Guilt
Pride
Love |
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Term
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Definition
| Consistent, enduring characteristics of thinking, feeling, and acting. |
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Term
| Personality Traits and Sates. are they permanent or temporary? |
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Definition
| Trait is permanent, state is temporary (someones current state of mind). |
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Term
| Freud's personality theory: |
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Definition
| View personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Info we are unaware of. Effects behavior |
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Term
| What are the traits of Id? |
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Definition
| About immediate gratification, biologically driven, pleasure driven, and ignore consequences. (Not having money to buy something, so they steal it so that they can have it, and not worry about consequences) |
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Term
| What are the traits of Ego? |
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Definition
| The reality principle. Rational, thoughtful. (Would not steal because they know the consequence would be getting arrested) |
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Term
| What are the traits of Super Ego? |
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Definition
| Morality. Society's standards of behavior. ("Taking something that doesn't belong to me is wrong.") |
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Term
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Definition
Oral (0-18 Months). Pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing.
Anal(18-36 Months). Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control.
Phallic (3-6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings.
-Oedipus Complex, Electra Complex
Latency (6 to puberty) Phase of dormant sexual feelings.
genital (puberty on) Maturation of sexual interests. |
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Term
| Define Oedipus complex and Electra Complex: |
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Definition
| Stage in which a boy wants to marry his mother, and a girl wants to marry her father. |
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Term
| Example of Freudian Slip: |
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Definition
| Telling your friend about an adventure that you had with your boyfriend, but you accidentally call him the wrong name. Saying something in error. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Example of Reaction formation: |
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Definition
| behaving in the opposite way that you feel. Pretending that you feel one way, when you feel differently. |
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Term
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Definition
| analyzing someones behavior as one thing, when it is actually how you are feeling. |
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Term
| Example of Rationalization: |
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Definition
| making a logical argument for things that don't really deserve a logical argument. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having a bad day at work, and taking it out on someone at home. |
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Term
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Definition
| A partner denies evidence of his loved ones affair to cope with the hurt felt. |
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Term
| Carl Jung believed in the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Collective Unconscious: |
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Definition
| Unconscious images that all people share. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first of something. Inherited idea. (Bad guys wear black) |
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Term
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Definition
| We change our personalities to fit the archetype you want to achieve. (a little girl, wishing to achieve the "happy homemaker" role. Little girl fits her personality and behaviors to meet the homemaker mold) |
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Term
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Definition
| overcome feelings of inferiority. Everyone has an inferiority complex. (Person tries to over compensate for weaknesses)(Little man syndrome) |
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Term
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Definition
| Personality is derived from operant conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social-cognitive theory. Personality forms traits and social interaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| People's personality is based on their drive to become self-actualized. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 sides to every person. Individuals values, vs. what they believe others value in them. (If society says "Thats bad", you're going to alter your personality so that it is more acceptable to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| try to explain consistency of personality in different situations. |
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Term
| What are The "big 5 traits": |
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Definition
| Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. (remember OCEAN) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ink Blot Test (subjective), Thematic Apperception (actual images), MMPI (Minnesota multiphase personality inventory, Most widely used, OBJECTIVE), Myers-Brigg's (rates personality on Extravert Vs. Introvert, Intuition vs. Sensing, Feeling vs. Thinking, and Judging vs. perceiving) |
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Term
| the three levels of personality according to freud: |
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Definition
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Term
| Frued's ideas of defense mechanisms: |
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Definition
| regression, projection, rationalization, denial |
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Term
| Alder's view of personality stated that a person attempts to overcome |
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Definition
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Term
| Jung believed all people shared a manner of thinking called: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a typical character that represents universal patterns of human nature. |
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Term
| Skinner believed that personality development is based on: |
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Definition
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Term
| Maslow believed that personality development is based on the strive for: |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a personality trait? |
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Definition
| Cannot be changed. It is a way a person thinks and acts. Enduring pattern of behavior. |
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Term
| What are the "Big Five" personality traits? |
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Definition
| Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and neuroticism. |
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Term
| The pros and cons of the TAT personality test: |
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Definition
Pros- Subjective
Con- Hard to measure |
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Term
| Why is the MMPI personality test most widely used? |
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Definition
| limited to true, false, and cannot say. |
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Term
| Define Personality State: |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the TAT personality test? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Rorschach personality test? |
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Definition
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Term
| Functionalism vs. Structuralism: |
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Definition
| Structuralism is about shapes and patterns, and how things are built. Functionalism is about how things work. |
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Term
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Definition
the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes.
"quiet introspection can be extremely valuable" |
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Term
| Nature Vs. Nurture, Darwin's Role: |
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Definition
| Darwin is about Adaptations. People change biologically, and are shaped because of experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Awareness of ourselves. Very difficult to study. |
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Term
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Definition
Explicit: Conscious Level (Rooms temp)
Implicit: Unconscious level (How tight shoes are) |
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Term
| What is the circadian rhythm? |
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Definition
| Biological clock. (Body temp, arousal, sleeping, waking) |
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Term
| What are sleep functions? |
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Definition
| protection, recuperation, storing memories, creative thinking, and growth. |
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Term
| What are the functions of dreams? |
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Definition
Wish fulfillment. (satisfy unconscious)
Information processing. (Sort out days events)
cognitive development. (Dream reflect level of devel)
Neural Activation. (Make sense)
Physiological Function (preserve neural pathway) |
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Term
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Definition
| how we receive and acknowledge our environment. (feeling that sensation of the air conditioner. ) |
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Term
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Definition
| The interpretation of information. (Looking outside and thinking that it looks like it is going to rain). |
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Term
| Define Bottom up Processing: |
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Definition
Entry level analysis. (drawing a conclusion from a stimulus)
Starting from the bottom. |
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Term
| Define Top down processing: |
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Definition
| High level mental process. (seeing faces in the image of the vase) our expectations affect our process. |
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Term
| three steps of our sensory system: |
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Definition
| Receive stimulation, Transfer it to neural impulses, and then deliver the neural information to the brain. |
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Term
| Learning concepts allow us to: |
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Definition
| interpret events and behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| (The door is always going to be a rectangle, even though I am seeing a different shape when the door is open.) (the car is not getting bigger, it is driving closer) |
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Term
| The gait theory for pain: |
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Definition
| how pain signals travel up nerves to reach the brain. |
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Term
Taste and Smell are _______ senses.
What are the 5 taste sensations: |
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Definition
Chemical senses.
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pavlov's Dogs******** Neutral Stimulus --> Unconditioned response= Conditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Taking something away to enhance a behavior. (Cleaning room, taking away curfew) |
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Term
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Definition
| Adding something to remove the behavior. (Adding curfew because child didn't do homework) |
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Term
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Definition
| (Taking away a cell phone because child didn't do homework) |
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Term
| what are the two reinforcement schedules: |
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Definition
| intermittent, and continuous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Child wants to wear makeup because they see mother putting on makeup. |
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Term
| The brains nerve cells are sculpted by: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cover an object with a blanket. |
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Term
| Paiget's stages of cognitive development: |
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Definition
| Sensorimotor, per operational, concrete operational, formal operational |
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Term
| Vygotsky's development of child: |
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Definition
| focuses on how a child's mind grows from interaction and social environment. (child only interacting with family for most of life, not knowing how to interact with others) |
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Term
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Definition
Authoritarian: "Don't interrupt"
Permissive: parent submits to child
Authoritative: set boundaries, but allow exceptions. |
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Term
| How does memory change with age? |
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Definition
| Crystalized memory increases, fluid memory decreases |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Kinesthetic, visual, auditory |
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Term
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Definition
| achievement (what you do know) and aptitude (what you have the potential to know) |
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