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| the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes |
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| historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth |
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| the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
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| the science of behavior and mental processes |
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| the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors |
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| the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenion |
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| biopsychological approach |
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| an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis |
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| pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
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| scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
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| a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being |
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| a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
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| a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who someitmes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy |
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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have forseen it; also know as (I knew it all along) |
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| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observationas and predicts behaviors or events |
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| a testable prediction, oftne implied by a theory |
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| a statement of the procedures used to define research variables, for example, human intelligence may be defined as what an intelligence test measures |
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| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group |
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| all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance os inclusion |
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| observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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| the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
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| the perceptiong of a relationship where none exists |
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| a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
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| in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable |
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| in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluation the effect of the treatment |
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| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo, commonly used in drug evaluation studies |
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| experimental results caused by expectiations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condtion, which the recipient assumes is an active agent |
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| the experimental factor that is manipulatined; the variable whose effect is being studied |
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| the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
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| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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| a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehease, Review |
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| the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes |
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| a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
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| the neuron's bushy, branching extenstions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
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| the neuron's extension that passes messages through its branching terminal fibers that form junctions with other neurons, muscles, or glands |
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| a neural impluse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
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| the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron, the tiny gap at this junction |
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| chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons, when released by the sending neurons, these travel across the synape and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse |
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| natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
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| the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
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| the brain and spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
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| bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs |
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| neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
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| neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands |
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