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Psychology - Unit One
Models of Memory
93
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/08/2011

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Term
Hippocampus
Definition
area of Brain where STM and LTM is
Term
Ebbinghaus 1885 aim:
Definition
establish how quickly info is forgotten over time
Term
Ebbinghaus 1885 procedure:
Definition
long list of nonsense syllables
tried to recall them
noted how many times he could remember
repeated until he could say whole list
looked at how quickly forgotten
Term
Ebbinghaus 1885 Findings
Definition
At start - items forgotten quickly
At End - rate of forgetting decreased
Term
Ebbinghaus 1885 Conclusions
Definition
immmediate forgetting at start - loss of material from STM
Gradual forgetting - loss of material from LTM
Term
Ebbinghaus 1885 Criticisms
Definition
Low ecolgoical validity
Bias - tested on himself
Term
Miller 1965 Aim
Definition
measure capacity of STM
Term
Miller 1956 Procedure:
Definition
analyse previous research in this field
Term
Miller 1956 Findings
Definition
most people could only recite 7+-2 items
Term
Miller 1956 Conclusions
Definition
CHUNKING - way to increase STM
2+ items to form one piece of info
Term
Baddeley 1966
Definition
compare forms of encoding into STM and LTM
Term
Baddeley 1966 procedure
Definition
PPS given word list
- acoustically similar words
- semantically similar words
CONTROL LIST acous/seman different.
PPS asked to recall immediately and later STM AND LTM
Term
Baddeley 1966 findings:
Definition
Immediate Recall - confusion with acoustically similar words
Later Recall - confusion with semantically similar words
Term
Baddeley 1966 conclusions
Definition
STM - acoustic encoding
LTM - semantic encoding
Term
Peterson and Peterson P&P 1959 AIM
Definition
STM duration when rehearsal prevented
Term
P&P 1959 procedure
Definition
PPS heard TRIGRAM
asked to recall after interval (counting back in 3's)to prevent maintenance rehearsal
Term
P&P 1959 findings:
Definition
3 second delay - recall was high
longer delay - recall dec
Term
P&P 1959 conclusion
Definition
without rehearsal STM duration is only a few seconds
Term
Conrad 1964 Aim
Definition
to find the encoding of STM
Term
Conrad 1964 procedure:
Definition
Pps show 6 letter sequence
Asked to write them down
Presentation shown too fast, unable to keep up
Letters had to be held into STM
Errors analysed
Term
Conrad 1964 findings:
Definition
Acoustic confusion occurred.
Letters they had seen had been replaced with similar sounding ones.
Term
Conrad 1964 Conclusion
Definition
Info presented visually - encoding is acoustic
Term
Multi-Store Model of Memory
Definition
Atkinson and Schriffin 1968
Term
Atkinson and Schriffen suggest:
Definition
memory is made up of several stores
Term
MSM: Flowing system:
Definition
1. info detected by sense organs
2. info enters sensory memory
3. attends to this, enters STM
4. no rehearsal, infor lost.
5. STM -> LTM - ONLY IF REHEARSED
6. no rehearsal. info lost
Term
Sensory memory Duration
Definition
1/4 to 1/2 second
Term
Sensory memory capacity
Definition
all sensory experience
Term
Sensory memory encoding
Definition
sense specific
Term
STM duration
Definition
0-18seconds
Term
STM Capacity
Definition
7+-2 items
Term
STM Encoding
Definition
Acoustic
Term
LTM Duration
Definition
unlimited
Term
LTM Capacity
Definition
unlimited
Term
LTM encoding
Definition
semantic
Term
MILLER
Definition
STM capacity
Term
Conrad
Definition
STM Encoding
Term
Baddeley
Definition
LTM Encoding
Term
Peterson and Peterson
Definition
STM Duration
Term
Ebbinghaus
Definition
Memory
Term
Murdock 1962
Definition
Serial Position Effect
Term
Murdock: Aim
Definition
compare recall for words in different positions in a list
Term
Murdock Procedure
Definition
PPS presented with a word list
PPS asked to remember as many words in any order
Term
Primacy Effect
Definition
words at start more likely to be remembered
Term
Recency Effect
Definition
words at the end more likely to be remembered
Term
Serial Position Effect
Definition
difference in position of recall
Term
Murdock 1962 conclusion:
Definition
rehearsal - words into LTM
words at end - STM - recalled from there
Term
Trigram
Definition
random group of letters
Term
Glanzer and Cunitz 1966
Definition
investigate word recall in diff. positions when an inference task is introduced.
Term
Glanzer and Cunitz 1966 Procedure:
Definition
asked pps to count backwards in 3's as soon as list was completed.
Term
Glanzer and Cunitz 1966 Findings:
Definition
primary effect remained, yet recency effect disappeared
Term
Glanzer and Cunitz 1966 Conclusions:
Definition
1st words had been processed into LTM
words nearer end affected by counting and did not remain
Term
2 Case Studies that support 2 seperate memory stores:
Definition
HM & Clive Wearing
Term
HM & STM:
Definition
STM remained normal
could remember events for several seconds & longer if rehearsesd.
unable to transfer into LTM
Term
HM & LTM:
Definition
declarative memory damaged
procedural memory functioned
episodic damaged.
Term
Clive Wearing:
Definition
STM unaffected
LTM severely impaired
Term
Critisms of Multi Store Memory:
Definition
MSM sees STMMAJOR PROBLEM: AS FRACTIONED.
Term
Tulvig suggested two seperate systems in LTM:
Definition
SEMANTIC & EPISODIC
Term
Semantic:
Definition
memory of facts
eg paris = capital of france
Term
Episodic:
Definition
memory of personal experiences
eg: marriage
Term
Brain Scans tell us that:
Definition
episodic - front cortex more active
semantic - back cortex more active
Term
Cohen and Squire grouped semantic and episodic together and named them:
Definition
DECLARATIVE MEMORY
Term
Cohen and Squire then suggested that the LTM is divided into
Definition
declarative and procedural
Term
Evidence to support declarative and procedural memory:
Definition
HM
Clive Wearing
Term
Hm supporting Cohen and Squire:
Definition
Declarative damaged.
Procedural functioning.
Term
Clive Wearing supporting Cohen and Squire:
Definition
Declarative memory did not function (confusion between semantic and episodic)
Procedural functioned.
Term
Further Evidence: Butterworth 1992: Dr S Case Study
Definition
Dr S was a neurologist who fell whilst skiing.
Term
Evidence Dr S episodic memory had been affected:
Definition
could not recognise wife& colleagues
last 25 years of his life erased
Term
Evidence Dr S procedural memory still functioned:
Definition
able to ski down hill
Term
Evidence Dr S semantic memory still functioned:
Definition
remembered previous medical experience and knowledge. able to diagnose his own brain scan.
Term
Another problem with MSM: says info needs to pass throught STM to LTM. KF case study challenges this because:
Definition
STM damaged
LTM intact- could produce and establish new memories.
Term
MSM is only concerned with the amount of information and not the nature.
Definition
Eg. we remember the football score yet fail to remember the date of a historical event
Term
Flashbulb Memory - Brown and Kulick 1977
Definition
used to describe memories that are vivid, detailed and associated with strong emotion. Can relate to public and personal events.
Term
Sharpio 2006
Definition
found that people had vivid memories of 9/11 with little loss of detail after 2 years. these memories go directly into the LTM without rehearsal.
Term
WMM: working memory model
Definition
developed by Baddeley and Hitch 1974
Term
WMM is only concerned with
Definition
STM.
It only focuses on processing systems and functions.
Term
WMM model sees memory as:
Definition
FRACTIONATED.
Term
Central Excutive:
Definition
controls 3 slave systems.
limited capcity.
modality-free.
used for temp storage of info.
Term
Phonological Loop is composed of:
Definition
1. phonological store
2. articulary loop
Term
Phonological Store "Inner Ear"
Definition
recieves info directly from the ear or via the articulary loop using an acoustic code.
added when the 2nd task wasn't affected by Articulary supression.
Term
Phonological Store "Inner Ear"
Definition
recieves info directly from the ear or via the articulary loop using an acoustic code.
added when the 2nd task wasn't affected by Articulary supression.
Term
Articulary Loop "inner voice"
Definition
holds info in an auditory code.
BADDELEY found it was limited by time.
can hold up to 2secs of info.
role of the loop is demonstrated by concurrent verbalisation.
Term
Visio-Spatial sketchpad "inner eye"
Definition
deals with info visually and spatially
cannot encode acoustically
Term
Visio-Spatial sketchpad "inner eye"
Definition
deals with info visually and spatially
cannot encode acoustically
Term
Episodic Buffer
Definition
added in 2000 by Baddeley
filled a gap in the model
Term
Coding into STM with modality specific interference BY:
Definition
Den Heyer and Barrett 1971
Term
Den Heyer and Barrett 1971 aim:
Definition
investigate coding into STM using modality specific interference.
Term
Den Heyer and Barrett 1971 prodcedure:
Definition
pps shown a grid. asked to remember location and letters.
given an interference task:
verbal task - count backwards in 3's
visual task- pattern matching
Then asked to complete grid
Term
Den Heyer and Barrett 1971 findings:
Definition
recall of letters more disrupted by verbal. position recall affected by visual.
Term
Den Heyer and Barrett 1971 conclusions:
Definition
Letters - encoding acoustic.
Position - encoding visual.
Shows that there is separate systems in STM.
Term
Evidence to support WMM:
PET SCANS
Definition
PET scans show evidence that when different tasks are preformed, diff. parts of the brain are active.
Term
Evidence to support the WMM:
Practical uses in child education
Definition
eg. difficulty learning to read, interventions focusing on the articulary loop could overcome this
Term
Evaluation of WMM Model:
☹ ignores LTM
Definition
Limited as it only concerns LTM ☹
Term
Evaluation of the WM Model
☹ still being developed.
Definition
☹ still being developed.
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