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Psychology Unit 2
Ch. 4-7 UTK Brasfield
121
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/04/2011

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Term

learning

ch. 4

Definition

change in behavior or potential behavior

observable

learned by experience

repetition

Term

orienting response

ch. 4

Definition
inborn tendency to notice and respond to novel or surprising events
Term

habituation

ch 4

Definition

decline in tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar thru repeated exposures

(not responding to any startling event)

Term

sensitization

ch 4

Definition
increased response to an event that has been repeated
Term

classical conditioning

ch 4

Definition
a previously NEUTRAL stimulus elicts a RESPONSE thru ASSOCIATION with a stimulus that Already elicts a similar response
Term

US

unconditioned stimulus

ch 4

Definition
Classical condition term referring to a stimulus that elicts a reflexive response without learning
Term

UR

unconditioned response

ch 4

Definition
classical conditioning term for a reflexive response elicted by a stimulus without learning
Term

CS

conditioned stimulus

ch 4

Definition
classical conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elict a conditioned response after being associated with an US
Term

CR

conditioned response

ch 4

Definition
classical conditioning term for a reponse that is elicted by a CS (afer a CS is associated with US)
Term

second/higher order conditioning

ch 4

Definition
procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a CS through association with an already established CS
Term

stimulus generalization

ch 4

Definition

tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning.

stimulus resembles CS elicts a CR

Term

stimulus discrimincation

ch 4

Definition

CC: responding differently to two+ stimuli.

stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke a CR

OC: response occurs in the presence of one stimulus but not the other. similar stimuli that differ from it on some dimension

Term

extinction

ch 4

Definition

weakening and eventual disappearance of learned response

CS is no longer paired with the US

Term

spontaneous recovery

ch 4

Definition
reappearance of leanred responses after its apparent extinction
Term

reinforcement

ch 4

Definition

response more likely to occur.

strengthens response

Term

punishment

ch 4

Definition

response less likely to occur.

weakens response

Term

operant conditioning

ch 4

Definition

Skinner.

response becomes more or less likely to occur, depending on CONSEQUENCES

Term

primary reinforcer

ch 4

Definition
inherently reinforcing, satisfying a physiological need
Term

secondary reinforcer

ch 4

Definition
acquired reinforcing association
Term

positive reinforcement

ch 4

Definition
reinforcement with positive stimulus
Term

negative reinforcement

ch 4

Definition
removal of unpleasant stimulus
Term

primary punisher

ch 4

Definition
inherently punishing
Term

postive punisher

ch 4

Definition
when PRESENTED, lowers chance the response will happen again
Term

negative punishment

ch 4

Definition
when REMOVED, lowers chance response will happen again
Term

schedule of reinforcement

ch 4

Definition
determines when a particular response can be reinforced
Term

continuous renforcement

ch 4

Definition
a particular response is ALWAYS reinforced
Term

partial reinforcement

ch 4

Definition
reinforcement is delivered SOMETIMES after the response has ocurred
Term

partial reinforcement

ch 4

fixed ratio

Definition
reinforcement is delievered only sometimes after the response has occurred
Term

partial reinforcement

ch 4

variable ratio

Definition
certain number of responses required (it changes)
Term

partial reinforcement

ch 4

fixed interval

Definition
reinforcement for 1st response after a certain amount of time
Term

partial reinforcement

ch 4

variable ratio

Definition
time limit changes before a response gets reinforced
Term

successive approximations

ch 4

Definition
OC: behaviors ordered in terms of increasing similarity of closness to the desired response
Term

instinctive draft

ch 4

Definition
OC: tendency for an organism to revert to instrincts
Term

behavior modification

ch 4

Definition
application of operant conditioning techniques to teach new responses or reduce maladaptive or problematic behavior
Term

extrinsic reinforcers

ch 4

Definition
reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced
Term

intrinsic reinforcers

ch 4

Definition
reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced
Term

observational learning

ch 4

Definition

learning new responses by observing the behavior of another rather than throug direct experience.

vicarious conditioning

 

bandura

Term

nervous system

ch 5

Definition

gathers and processes info

interprets -- responds to stimuli

coordinateds cells to respond

Term

CNS

central nervous system

ch 5

Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term

CNS

spinal cord

ch 5

Definition

collection of neurons and supportive tissue running down the center of the back

bridge between brain and body

Term

CNS

spinal reflexes

ch 5

Definition

unconsciously controlled

can be controlled subconsciously and by brain

Term

PNS

peripheral nervous system

ch 5

Definition

portion of nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, including sensory and motor nerves

handles CNS's input and output

Term

somatic nervous system

ch 5

Definition

nerves that are connected to sensory receptors

sense the world

act voluntarily

Term

autonomic nervous system

ch 5

Definition

involunarily

regulates internal organs and glands

 

Term

autonomic nervous system

ch 5

sympathetic nervous system

Definition
mobilizes body resouces and increases output of energy during emotion and stress
Term

autonomic nervous system

ch 5

parasympatheic nervous system

Definition
operates during relaxes states, conserves energy
Term

neurons

ch 5

Definition

nerve cells

basic unit of ns

electrochemical signals

Term

glial cells

ch 5

Definition

glue cells

support, nurture, and insulate neurons

remove debris when neurons die

formation and maintenance of neural connections

modify neural functioning

Term

dendrites

ch 5

Definition

treelike

receive info from other neurons and transmit toward cell body

Term

cell body

ch 5

Definition
part of neuron that keeps it live and determines whether it will fire or not
Term

axon

ch 5

Definition

neuron's extending fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body

transmits to other neurons

can be insulated by myelin sheath

Term

myelin sheath

ch 5

Definition

glial cells

segmented

reduces confusion between nearby neurons

speeds

 

Term

electrochemical communication

action potential

ch 5

Definition

change in electrical potential between inside and outside of neuron.

sodium in, potassium out

 

action potential: brief change in electrical voltage when neuron is stimulated as an electrical impulse

Term

axon terminal

ch 5

Definition

end of an exon from which the axon releases its message

several synaptic vesicles containing a neutrotransmitter

(chemical that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activit of a receiving neuron)

Term

synapse

ch 5

Definition

site where transmission of nerve impulses from one nerve to another cell occurs

includes:

axon terminal

synaptic cleft (space between 2 neurons)

receptor sites (specialized to receive specific messages

Term

neurotransmitters:serotonin

ch 5

Definition
affects neurons invovled in sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature, pain, and mood
Term

neurotransmitters: dopamine

ch 5

Definition
affects neurons involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, emotion, pleasure, reward, response to novelty
Term

neurotransmitters: acetylcholine

ch 5 

Definition

incrased heart rate and slowing of intestinal activity during stress

learning, memory, dreaming, waking up, and emotions

Term

neurotransmitters: gaba

ch 5

Definition
major INHIBITORY neutrotransmitter in brain
Term

neurotransmitters: glutamate

ch 5

Definition

major EXCITORY neutrotransmitter

can affect and be affected by behavior

Term

neurotransmitters: endorphins

ch 5

Definition

= opiates

pain reduction, pleasure, memory

up when stressed

<3

Term

hormones: endocrine glands

ch 5

Definition
produce and release hormones into blood
Term

hormones: melatonin

ch 5

Definition

secreted by pineal gland

regulation of daily biological rhythms

Term

hormones: oxytocin

ch 5

Definition

secreted by pituitary gland

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

ejection of milk

promotes relationships

Term

hormones: adrenal hormones

ch 5

Definition

produced by adrenal glands

invovled in emotion and stress

Term

hormones: sex hormones

ch 5

Definition

regulcate development and functioing of reproductive organs

androgens, estrogens, and progesterone

Term

localization

ch 5

Definition
specialization of perticular brain areas for particular functions
Term

brain stem

ch 5

Definition
located at top of spinal cord
Term

brain stem: pons

ch 5

Definition
sleeping, waking, and dreaming
Term

brain stem: medulla

ch 5

Definition
certain automatic functions, breating heart rate
Term

brain stem: reticular activating system

ch 5

Definition
netword of neurons found in the core of the brain stem, arouses cortext and screens incoming information
Term

brain stem: cerebelllum

ch 5

Definition

balance and movement

learning simple responses

more complex cognitive tasks

Term

brain stem: thalamus

ch 5

Definition

directs sensed stuff

located near emotion structures

Term

brain stem: hypothalamus

ch 5

Definition

fighting

fleeing

feeding

fornication

regulates body temp

controls autonomic ns

sends messages to pituitary gland

Term

brain stem: amygdala

ch 5

Definition

evaluates sensory info

quicky determine emotional importance of stimuli

 

proesses sensory information quickly

allows us to respond to danger quicker than we can think

Term

brain stem: olefactory bulb

ch 5

Definition
smell
Term

brain stem: hippocampus

ch 5

Definition

compares sensory info with what the brain has learned to expect

formation

destination

retrieval

Term

brain stem: cerebrum

ch 5

Definition

higher thinking

divided into two connected by corpus collosum

covered by cerebral cortex

Term

 

brain stem: cerebrum

ch 5

 

occipital lobe

 

Definition
sight
Term

 

brain stem: cerebrum

ch 5

 

parietal lobe

 

Definition
touch
Term

 

brain stem: cerebrum

ch 5

 

temporal lobe

 

Definition
hearing, memory, perception, emotion, language comp
Term

 

brain stem: cerebrum

ch 5

 

frontal lobe

 

Definition

speech, higher order thinking, initiative

social judgement

speech production

Term

absolute sensory threshold

ch 6

Definition

intensity at which a given individual can detect a sensory stimulus 50% of the itme

low indicates the ability to detect faint stimuli

Term

signal detection theory

ch 6

Definition
study of people's tendencies to make hits, correct rejections, misses, and false alarms
Term

subliminal perception

ch 6

Definition

ability of a stimulus to influence our behavior event when it is presented os faintly or briefly or along with such strong distracters that we do not perceieve it consciously

cant:

control

influence

improve

can:

brief effects

subtle

difficult to measure

Term

feature detector

ch 6

Definition
neuron of visual system respons to the presence of certain feautres
Term

Gestalt psych

ch 6 

Definition
explains how we perceive overall patterns
Term

reversible psych

ch 6

Definition
stimulus that you can perceive in more than one way
Term

perception of movement

ch 6

Definition

vestibular system tells the visual system what you're seeing

relative to background

Term

perception of depth: visual constancy

ch 6

Definition
tendency to perceive objects as unchanging shapes, sizes, colors, despite variations in what actually reaches the retina
Term

perception of depth: depth perception

ch 6

Definition
perception of deapth distance 3D
Term

perception of depth: binocular cues

ch 6

Definition

visual cues that depend on the action of both eyes

convergence: tension behind the eyes as an object moves closer

Term

perception of depth: monocular cues

ch 6

Definition

visual cues that are just as effetive with one eye as both

size

detail

positin

texture

shadows

motion

etc.

Term

optical illusions

ch 6

Definition

misinterpretation of a visual stimulus as being larger or smaller, etc

relationship between size and depth perception

Term

optical illusion: moon illusion

ch 6

Definition
the moon looks bigger on the horizon instead of in the sky because there is something to base it's size off of
Term

motivation

ch 7.1

Definition
internal process that initiate, sustain, direct, and terminate activites
Term

need

 

ch 7.1

Definition
internal deficiency that energizes behavior
Term

drive

 

ch 7.1

Definition
psychological expression of internal needs or goals
Term

response

 

ch 7.1

Definition
any action, glandualr activity, or other behavior
Term

goal

 

ch 7.1

Definition
target or objective of motivated behavior
Term

incentive value

 

ch 7.1

Definition
value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need
Term

extracellular thirst

 

ch 7.1

Definition

reduction in the volume of fluids in surrounding cells

bleeding

vomiting

diarrhea

sweating

alcohol

drink salty water to make it better

Term

intracellular thurst

 

ch 7.1

Definition

fulid is drawn out of cells due to an increased oncentration of salts and minerals

caused by salty foods

drink plain water to make it better

Term

episodic drive

 

ch 7.1

Definition

gets rid of pain

reaction to pain is learned

Term

sex drive

 

ch 7.1

Definition
strength of ones motivation to engage in sex
Term

non-homeostatic drive

 

ch 7.1

Definition
relatively independent of physical deprivation cycles or bodily need states
Term

arousal

 

ch 7.1

Definition

activation of the body and the nervous system

inverted U curve

Term

Yerks-Dodson law

 

ch 7.1

Definition

summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance

simple tasks need higher arousal

complex tasks require lower arousal

Term

opponent process theory

 

ch 7.1

Definition
strong emotions tend to be followed by an opposite emotional state
Term

social motives

 

ch 7.1

Definition
acquired as part of growing up in a prticular society or culture
Term

meta needs

 

ch 7.1

Definition
expression of tendencies to fully develop personal potential
Term

parasympathetic rebound

 

ch 7.2

Definition

vagal rebound

stress

may lead to death :p

Term

plutchiks model

 

ch 7.2

Definition

8 primary emotionals= 8 adjacent emotions

emotions vary in intensity

Term

james lang theory

 

ch 7.2

Definition
emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal
Term

cannon bard theory

 

ch 7.2

Definition
activity in the thalamus causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur simultaniously
Term

schachter theory

 

ch 7.2

Definition
emotions occur when physcal arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues
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