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| connecting biological and psych events and our adaptive brain is wired by our experiences |
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| how do our brains compare to other organisms? |
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| animals may differ but neural system operate similarly |
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branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists |
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a nerve cell
the basic building block of the nervous system
neurons may differ but variations are the same |
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| the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
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| the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands |
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a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons
enables greater transmission speed of neutral impulses
ms is a result of myelin degeneration |
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| A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane. |
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-outside the axon the fluid is positive inside the axon it is negative -resting potential-
-when a neuron fires axons open up and + Na ions flood cell membrane
-depolarizes the the axon and continues the process |
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| during the refractory period? |
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| neuron repumps na+ ions outside the cell membrane |
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| Threshold: Each neuron receives excitatory and inhibitory signals from many neurons. When the excitatory signals minus the inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity (threshold) the neuron fires an action potential |
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| Exitory and Inhibitory signals |
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-most are excitory
-if excitory signals exceed the threshold an action potential is triggered
-all or none response
-increasing impulse intensity does not occur if by increasing stimulation above the threshold
-instead more neurons fire
-the action potential is still not effected |
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| a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft. |
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| Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential. |
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| takes back in excess neurotransmitters |
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“morphine within”
natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters
linked to pain control and to pleasure |
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| molecules similar to to neurotransmitters - amplify things |
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| bock neurotransitter function |
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brain spinal cord
responsible for decision making |
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the body’s electrochemical communication system
consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
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gathering info and transmitting CNS decisions to other parts of the body
-the sensory and motor neuron |
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neural “cables” containing many axons
part of the peripheral nervous system
connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs |
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| neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system |
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| carry instruction from CNS to body muscles |
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between both other types
they are responsible for our complexity
they are most of the neurons in our body
Neurons that connect only with other neurons, they are the intermediate step in the processing of signals |
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| the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles |
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| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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| the part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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| division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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| division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
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| they network with nearby neurons in which they have a short fast connections with |
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two way street between PNS and brain
up-sensory info
down-motor info |
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-secrete hormones that influence sex food aggression
-similar to nervous
-some hormones are chemicaly identical to neurotransmitters
-slower than a verbal impulse
-but last longer than a neural
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most influential gland of the endocrine system
-core of the brain
-deals with growth (oxytocin
-controlled by hypothalymus
under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands |
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an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface
these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp |
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| a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task |
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| CT (computed tomography) Scan |
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| a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called CAT scan |
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| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) |
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| a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain |
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| reveals brain structure and function |
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| is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions. |
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| base of brainstem that controls breathing heartbeat |
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| above the medulla handles movement |
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| above the medulla handles movement |
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channel which some sensory info passes on its way to the thalamus
enables arousal
Formation is a nerve network in the brainstem |
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| The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance. |
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sensory switchboard recieves all senses except smell trafic hws for sense
) the thalamus.is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. |
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| is a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. |
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| process conceous memory and new memories |
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| fear aggression tumors in the amygdala cause change in rage] consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters |
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It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
when stimulated it can stimulate pleasure |
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right hemisphere idealy responsible for recognition faces
left-language logic |
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| reward center in frontof hypothalymus |
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| 85% of brains weight enable thinking percieving speaking |
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covers hemispheres
ultimate processing center
wrinkling allows it to be compressed
20-23 billion nerve cells
300 trillion synaptic connection |
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| support neurons feeding guiding insulating may participate in learning and thinking |
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| glial cells and complexity |
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| more glial cell/neurons = complexity |
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top and rear
involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments |
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| include the sensory cortex |
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back of the head
include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field |
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back of the head
include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field |
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| include the auditory areas |
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| is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements |
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| Cortex (parietal cortex) receives information from skin surface and sense organs |
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| parts of the body that require precise control had geatest amount of corticol space |
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make us more complex
when stimulated people have no awarness there is not one spot that controls a specific area |
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| refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some types of injury or illness |
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| constraint induced theory |
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| aims to rewire brains and improve condition |
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| right side of brain specializes |
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| left side of brain specializes |
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our awareness of ourselves and our environments
evoluntionary biologists claim it gives an reproduction advantage
helps act in our long term interest |
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| Fantasy Prone Personality |
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imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness
spends considerable time fantasizing |
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| how brain activity is linked with mental process |
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| we know more than we know |
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| when blind there is still some awareness. visual action track is taken visual perception is when there is full funtion |
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| awareness focuses on a particular stimulus |
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| ability to focus on one thing specifically |
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failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
gorilla and the basketball game |
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| failing to notice changes in the enviorment while focusing on the right hand and not noticing shit in the left |
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| the only smiling face in a crowd when we uncociously focus on it |
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| biological clock stimulated by light which releases SCN proteins |
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| the biological rythm for sleep |
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| occurs every 90 min cycle 4 phases |
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vivid dreams occur paradoxial sleep or sleep paralysis because mustles relax body systems typically active 10 min
gets longer as night goes on |
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| slow brain waves of a relaxed state |
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| hallucinations may ocur falling sensation |
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| deeper sleep sleep spindles clearly asleep 20nmin get longer as night goes on |
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| rapid rhythmic brain wave activity |
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| slow wave sleep 30 min delta waves are admited hard to awaken kids may wet the bed in thsi stage as night goes on rem3 disapeers |
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| large slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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| SCN suprachiasmatic nucleaus |
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causes brain pineal gland to decrease its production of melatonin in morning and increase in evenin
affects the circadium rhythm |
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| sleep deprevation increases |
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| ghrelin and decreases leptin |
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to satisfy our wishes
to file away memories
to develop and preserve neural pathways-provide stimulation
make sense of neural static
reflect cognitive developement |
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| remembered storyline of a dream |
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| underlying meaning of a dream |
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| tendency for rem sleep to increase following rem sleep deprivation |
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| split in concscious which allows osme thoghts and behaviors to occur simultaneously wth others |
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| chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
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| tracs depress nervous system activity impar memory and judgement (alcohol) |
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| temporaryly repres nervous sytem and lessen pain and anxiety |
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| exites neural activity and speeds up body functions pupils dialate rates increase drop in appetite |
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| speed a stimulate that speeds up body functions and neural activity |
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| because when reputakke occurs cocaine binds so that neurotrans molecules are bloacked |
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| stimulates the CNS reduces dopamine levels |
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| causes dehydration mild halluncionagenharm seratonin |
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| instructions for the making of an organism |
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| how many chromosomes do humans have |
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| study of enviormental factors that affect how our genes are expressed |
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| study of structure and function of specific genes |
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| behavior genetics are want to study --in our behavior as opposed to psychs who want |
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| differences and commonalities |
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| explains with principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events |
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| statement or procedures and operations used to define research vvariables |
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descriptive methods-describe behaviors case studies observations
correlational methods-associate different factor
experimental methods-manipulate factors to discover their effects |
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case studies-individual analysis
naturalistic observation-watching recording natural behavior does not explain it but describes it
survey and interview-asking questions
to observe and record behavior no control of variables |
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| to predict behavior the best thing to do is 2 be able to |
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| aides in figuring out how 2 things cloesly relate and how well each predicts the other |
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| aide in illustration of range in possible correlations |
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| when describing a correlation it is important to keep in mind that |
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| association does not always mean causation |
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| specify the procedures that manipulate the indep and measure the dependen |
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| a variable other than the independent that may effect the experiement |
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| controls for placebo effect neither researchers nor participants know who recieves the real thing |
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| helps minimize preexisting differences between experimental and control groups |
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| helps researchers generalize from a small set of survey responses to a larger pop |
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| to detect naturally occuring relationsips to assess how one predicts the otehr collect data on two or more variables mo manipulation does not specify cause and effect |
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| to expolore cause and effect manipulates one or more factors use random assignment independent is manipulated not always feasible reseaults not generalizabel to other contexts |
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| how similar or different the scores are |
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| measure of central tendency |
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| a single score that represents # aka mode mean median |
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| gap between lowest highest |
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| computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean |
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| theorized about learning and memory motivation emotion percpetion and personality |
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est first psych lab
Science of mental processes |
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| intorspectin to serach for minds structural elements |
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| assumened thinking like smelling is adaptive functionallist |
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| mentored by james became the first woman in psych memory research |
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| why did introspection fail as a method? |
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| peoples self reports varied depending on the experience and the persons intellengence and verbal abillity |
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used introspection o define the minds makeup
focused on how mental processes enable us to adapt survive and flourish |
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structuralism
functionalism |
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| belief that psych should be objective since it studies behavior without reference to process current belief is first not second |
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| historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual potential for personal growth |
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| emphazixed the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood expereinces affect our behavior |
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| rebellion of second grou of psychs it led to the early interst in mental processing |
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| from 1920s and 1960s big psych concepts were |
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| the differeing complementary views from biiological 2 psych to social-cult for analyzing any given phenomonon |
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| integrated approach that incorporates bio psych and social cultural levels of analysis anaylsis= this |
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| Hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role. |
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| Divided Consciousness Theory |
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| Hypnosis is a special state of dissociated (divided) consciousness |
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supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestio |
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suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
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| : is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. |
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| are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. |
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| parenting has an influence on |
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religious beliefs
values
manners
attitudes
politics
habits |
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| 10% of variation in personality |
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| suggests that we learn a cultural “recipe” of how to be a male or a female, which influences our gender- based perceptions and behaviors. |
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| proposes that we learn gender behavior like any other behavior—reinforcement, punishment, and observation. |
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