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Psychology Test #1-gabby
first psychology test
39
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/16/2009

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Cards

Term
Case Study
Definition
an observational technique, in which 1 person is studied in depth
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
observing and recording behavior in naturally-occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Term
Survey
Definition
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
Term
Experiment
Definition
researcher manipulates 1 or more variables under carefully controlled conditions and observe changes in behavior or mental processes
Term
techniques used in case study
Definition

 

  • interview
  • direct observation
  • examine records

 

Term
advantages of case study
Definition

 

  • gives full picture of person
  • can use for unusual cases
  • can use to disprove general statements

 

Term
disadvantages of case study
Definition

 

  • may not be representative of the population
  • highly subjective
  • poor memories of the person and others

 

Term
advantages of naturalistic observation
Definition

 

  • good for coming up with new ideas
  • good for descriptive data
  • lab results apply to natural settings

 

Term
disadvantages of naturalistic observation
Definition

 

  • difficult to determine which variables are important
  • difficult not to intervene
  • hard to quantify data/run tests

 

Term
advantages of the survey
Definition

 

  • can get a lot of information fast
  • can track changes of responses over time
  • can make predictions that are valid within limits

 

Term
disadvantages of the survey
Definition

 

  • self reports can be unreliable
  • memory lapses
  • wishful thinking
  • intentional deception
  • cannot validly draw cause and effect conclusions

 

Term
Population
Definition
all the cases in a group
Term
Random Sample
Definition
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Term
Correlation
Definition
a statistical measure of relationship
Term
Positive Correlation
Definition
if 2 sets of scores tend to rise or fall together
Term
Negative Correlation
Definition
if 2 sets of scores relate inversely, one set going up as the other goes down
Term
Correlation Coefficient
Definition
a statistical measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, describes how well either factor predicts the other
Term
Scatterplots
Definition
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of 2 variables.  the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables.  the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation(little scatter indicates high correlation). 
Term
Positive Scatterplot
Definition
scatterplot with points going up from the bottom left to top right of graph
Term
Negative Scatterplot
Definition
scatterplot with the points going down from the top left to the bottom right of the graph
Term
Illusory Correlations
Definition
a perceives but nonexistent correlation
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
factor that is manipulated to see its effect
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
factor thought to be affected by independent variable
Term
Experimental Condition
Definition
the condition that exposes the subjects to the treatment
Term
Controlled Condition (Group)
Definition
condition that serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
Term
Placebo Effect
Definition
experimental results are caused by the subjects expectations alone
Term
Placebo
Definition
inert substance that has medical value because of a person's belief in the drug
Term
Experimenter Bias
Definition
a researchers expectations about the experiment, affects the outcome
Term
Double-Blind Study
Definition

  • both the research study and the research staff are ingnorant (blind) about whether the research subjects have received the treatment or the placebo
  • ADVANTAGE: can validly draw cause-and-effect conclusions
  • DISADVANTAGE: often expensive, often time consuming, can be artificial

Term
Statistical Significance
Definition

  • a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
  • it does not imply that it is necessarily important
  • doesn't tell how big effect is                           

Term
Selection Bias
Definition

  • results are not generalized
  • experimental and control conditions have different types of subjects
  • should randomly assign subjects to groups
  • not always reduced to one variable (confounded variables)

Term
Peer-Reviewed Journal
Definition
a periodical that uses researchers to judge whether another researchers work is worth publishing
Term
4 APA Guidelines from 1992
Definition

  1. subjects must give informed consent
  2. investigators must protect subjects from harm or discomfort
  3. information about subjects must be treated confidentially
  4. the research should be explained to the subjects afterwards

Term
What percentage of psychological research uses animals as subjects?
Definition
about 7% of psychological research is performed with non-human animals
Term
Correlation Strength
Definition

  • further from 0, stronger the correlation, the better the prediction power
  • the absolute value of the coefficient tells its strength

Term
What can validly be concluded from correlation?
Definition
describes how well either factor predicts the other
Term
What cannot be concluded from correlations?
Definition
Correlation does not imply causation
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