Term
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Definition
| the science and study of the human mind and human behavior |
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Definition
| order, determinism, skepticism, accuracy, objectivity, open-mindedness |
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Term
| there is order to the universe |
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Definition
| an assumption of science, we have to assume that there is a relationship among events. we have to assume that there is an order, because if there is no order, we cannot use science to predict anything |
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Definition
| every event has a physical, potentially measurable cause. at some point, there had to be an uncaused event and every event has a physical cause. things happen for a reason |
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| an attitude that doubts all claims not supported by solid research evidence, very important in psychology because the science changes as society and people change |
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Definition
| evaluate info as carefully as possibly, check and recheck your research |
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Definition
| the scientist's responsibility to conduct research as free of bias as is possible |
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Definition
| a scientist's willingness to change their own opinion if their research proves them wrong |
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| 6 goals of scientific research |
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Definition
| description, systematic and precise, operational definitions, prediction, control, explanation |
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Definition
| the citing of the observable characteristics of an event, object, or individual |
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| describe only what is relevant to your research question- if you're going to sit in a classroom and observe student interaction, don't record what the teacher is wearing. be precise and use numbers... it will make analyzing data much easier |
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Definition
| define behaviors or qualities in terms of the procedures used to measure or produce them. when talking about being drunk, record the level of intoxication |
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| psychologists need to make predictions in the form of hypotheses about changes in behavior, mental experiences, or psychological processes. |
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| usually derived from a theory and is very specific, a testable prediction about a relationship between two or more factors |
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| statements that summarize or explain research findings, hypothesis is derived from this |
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Definition
| manipulating factors that effect our thought and behavior- 2 types, experimental and everyday |
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Definition
| in research, controlling as many factors as possible |
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Definition
| application of research findings to control behavior in day-to-day situations |
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Definition
| the discovery of the causes of overt behaviors, mental experiences and physiological processes |
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Definition
| a series of steps we undertake in order to answer questions |
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| step 1 of scientific method |
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Definition
| provide a rationale and review the relevant literature... identify the problem, review relevant literature, look at previous findings, look at other theories |
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Term
| step two of scientific method |
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Definition
| develop a testable hypothesis, a testable prediction about the relationship between two or more events or characteristics+ |
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| step 3 of scientific method |
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Definition
| design a study and collect the data, decide on the research procedure to use |
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Term
| step 4 of scientific method |
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Definition
| analyze the data and accept or reject the hypothesis, apply statistics to the data, descriptive analysis summarizes data, inferential statistics compares groups;discuss the implications of the research findings in regard to the hypothesis |
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Term
| step 5 of scientific method |
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Definition
| publish, replicate and seek scientific review. replicate the study with systematic variation of relevant variables, tweak the study to see what results make the most influence |
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| step 6 of the scientific method |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| systematic observations; describing things as they exist, no causation or predictions involved. the researcher simply records what is systematically observed |
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| 4 methods used in descriptive research: |
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Definition
| naturalistic observation, ethnographic research, archival research and case study |
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Definition
| descriptive research, correlational research, experimental research and biological research |
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Definition
| participants are studied in their natural environment, and cannot know that you are watching |
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Definition
| people act differently simply because they know they're being observed |
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Definition
| cross-cultural description studies, compare people from 2 or more cultures and the researcher usually lives with them |
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Definition
| look at historical records to compare how things are now vs how they were in the past. examines collections of letter, manuscripts, tape recordings, video recordings, etc. |
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Definition
| specific examination of one person, therapist's job |
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Definition
| used when a researcher wants to predict one variable from another |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of relationship between two or more variables, range in magnitude from zero to absolute 1 |
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Term
| positive correlation coefficient |
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Definition
| things change in the same direction, the more you study, the more your grades go up |
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Term
| negative correlation coefficient |
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Definition
| things change in opposite direction. the more you consume alcohol, the less you are able to think |
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Definition
| used to determine if there is a casual relationship between two variables |
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Definition
| everyone who is involved in your research |
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Definition
| there you choose your sample from, if half of it is female, then half of your sample needs to be female as well |
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Definition
| accurately reflects the characteristics of a population |
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Definition
| each participant in population is equally likely to be chosen |
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Definition
| whoever is on hand is surveyed |
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Definition
| manipulated by the experimenter |
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Definition
| shows any effects of the independent variable |
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Definition
| exposed to different levels of the independent variable |
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Definition
| a group of participants not exposed to the independent variable, only respond to their mood |
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Term
| extraneous or confounding variables |
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Definition
| anything other than the independent variable that causes changes in the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| accidentally signal to participant how they are expected to respond, get around it by using a double-blind design |
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Definition
| same stimulus may mean very different things to people in different cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| no one knows what group the participant is in, experimental or controlled, and accidental signaling cannot happen |
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Term
| participant expectancy effects |
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Definition
| when the participant reacts based what they think we want to see |
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Term
| participant bias, aka social desirability response |
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Definition
| the idea that everybody wants to present themselves in the most positive light possible, so they may lie to you |
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Definition
| the study of the brain, we used to have to study brains that had lesions but no longer do. |
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Term
| informed consent and voluntary participation |
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Definition
| participant should read and sign a consent form and know that it is completely voluntary |
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Definition
| may have outlived itself, experiments expect to be deceived obvious problem with this is debriefing |
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Term
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Definition
| at the end of the research, telling the participant that they were deceived and they tend to demand that their results are thrown out |
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Definition
| keeping results private, people have trouble believing this and it is hard to do |
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Definition
| established the first psychological lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879. he defined the study of psychology as the structure of conscious experience. his basic goal was to find the structure of conscious experience- what are the steps involved in perception? |
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Definition
| Wundt's student that brought his studies to the US |
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Definition
| participants exposed to different types of stimuli, then reported sensations and feelings associated with that stimuli |
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Definition
| functions of behavior in enabling people to adapt to their environment |
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Definition
| environment selects those who possess some characteristic that contributes to survival |
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Definition
| adaptive survive in sense of successfully passing on genes |
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Definition
| head of the movement of survival of the fittest in the US |
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Definition
| believed that humans are motivated mainly by violent, sexual drives and that psychological problems result when we try to fit unacceptable drives into acceptable behavior |
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Definition
| he came up with a universal theory of child development but never treated a child, and his ideas were sexist |
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Definition
| theoretical and methodological |
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Term
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Definition
| the environment is the primary determinant of thought or behavior |
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Term
| methodological behaviorism |
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Definition
| subject matter of psychology that should be restricted exclusively to environmental inputs and observable responses |
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Term
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Definition
| you can't study perception by breaking it down into its structural parts- you have to look at experience as a whole |
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Definition
| believed that we often experience things that are not a part of our simple sensations, was interested in the study of perception |
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Definition
| movies, a bunch of pictures sped up to make us think that there is movement, we aren't hallucinating |
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Term
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Definition
| most famous person to suffer a devastating brain injury, damaged frontal lobes on sep 13, 1848 and had a change in behavior. died in feb 1860 after having epileptic seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
| the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to everything else in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| transmits info about body movements/external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| transmits into to and from internal organs/glands- stuff you don't control |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| gets body ready for action and output of energy, gets adrenaline started |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| slows body down, conserving energy |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cells, parts of your body involved with communication |
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Term
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Definition
| support and nourish neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| contains nucleus and helps neuron carry out its functions |
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Definition
| branch-like extensions of cell body that receive info from other cells |
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Definition
| long extension from cell body that relays info toward other neurons, or muscles and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| white, fatty coating on the axon, insulates and increases the speed of transmission at an interval of 10 |
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Term
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Definition
| each individual, fatty globule on the myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| sends signals from a neuron to adjacent cells |
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Definition
| connections between neurons |
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Definition
| space between two neurons |
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Definition
| neuron sending an impulse |
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Definition
| neuron receiving the impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals produced and released by neurons that cause changes in other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| protein molecules in the postsynaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| outer surface of the two cerebral hemispheres that regulates most complex behavior, 80% of the weight of the brain and 70% of neurons here, most evolved part of the brain and more developed than in any other animal. |
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Term
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Definition
| folds of the cerebral cortex, as unique as fingerprints |
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Term
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Definition
| divides the cerebral cortex (brain) into 2 parts |
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Term
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Definition
| the line from one ear to the other, separates the front of the brain from the back of the brain |
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Term
| primary somatosensory cortex |
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Definition
| receives messages from the entire body |
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Term
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Definition
| sends messages from brain to various muscles and glands of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| temporal, parietal, frontal, occipital |
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Term
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Definition
| receives and processes visual info- bottom back of brain |
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Definition
| performs complex visual tasks, info from the ears, balance, emotions and motivations, languages, bottom of brain |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory info from all over the body; oversees spatial abilities, middle of brain |
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Term
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Definition
| receives and coordinates messages from the other 3 lobes, previous and future body movements, front of brain |
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Term
| lateral prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
| in the frontal lobe; problem solving, primary motor cortex, goal-directed behavior and mature emotional life |
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Term
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Definition
| explores the impact of genetics and environmental factions on differences in the behavioral, biological and psychological processes of groups |
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Term
| methods for studying behavioral genetics |
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Definition
| twin study, adoption study, family studies |
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Term
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Definition
| one egg that has split, identical twins that share 100% DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| two fertilized eggs, fraternal twins that share about 50% of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| agreement between twins on a characteristic |
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Term
| if identical twins have a high concordance rate... |
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Definition
| genetics are important in behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on children adopted at birth and raised by families not genetically related to them |
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Term
| if adopted children resemble their biological parents... |
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Definition
| genetics have a lot to do with behavior |
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Term
| if adopted children resemble their biological parents... |
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Definition
| genetics have a lot to do with behavior |
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Term
| if adoptive children resemble their adoptive parents... |
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Definition
| environment is more important than genetics |
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Term
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Definition
| if genes influence a trait, closer relatives should share that trait more often than distant relatives |
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Term
| it is hard to differentiate genes in family studies because... |
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Definition
| the environment is the same for everyone |
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Definition
| relationship between psychological behavior and physical health and illness |
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Definition
| how the body responds to any no. of physical or emotion stress; increased heart rate, sweating, skin problems, increased blood pressure, metabolism, changes in circulation |
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Definition
| pleasant or good stress; exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| bad stress; usually referred to as simply stress |
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Term
| social readjustment rating scale |
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Definition
| rate life changes with a number value, biggest number= most stressful |
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Term
| problems with social readjustment rating scale |
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Definition
| doesn't take into account different life changes; degree of stress caused depends on how the stressor is perceived |
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Definition
| ongoing, continuous pressures; work is the biggest |
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Definition
| minor, irritating incident that occur daily |
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Definition
| physical, emotional and mental exhaustion attribute to long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations; fatigue, loss of energy, emotional numbness, anxiety, drug and alcohol abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| He was one of the first to describe the symptoms of exhaustion professional and conduct a comprehensive study on the burnout. |
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Definition
| unpleasant tension, anxiety and heightened sympathetic activity resulting from not being able to reach a goal |
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Definition
a researcher, came up with these:
delays
lack of resources
loses
failure
discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| having to choose between two or more incompatible goals or impulses |
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Term
| 3 basic types of conflict |
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Definition
| approach-approach, approach-avoidance, avoidance-avoidance |
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Definition
| occurs when a person has to choose between 2 equally pleasurable alternatives |
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Definition
| a person has to make a choice that has both negative and positive aspects |
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Definition
| results when neither choice is pleasurable |
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Definition
| 1932; came up with fight or flight response |
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Definition
| said that body responds to stressful conditions with a general adaptation syndrome: alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion |
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Term
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Definition
| immediate reaction to a stressor |
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Definition
| body adapts to continual stressors |
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Definition
| body's resistance to stress may be gradually reduced, or may collapse quickly |
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Term
| individual differences in stress |
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Definition
| personality types, optimism vs pessimism, hardiness, resilience |
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Term
| personality types, a and b |
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Definition
type a:
impatient, hard-driving, ambitious, competitive and hostile; related to heart disease
type b:
more relaxed, easy-going, less easily angered |
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Term
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Definition
| coronary bypass surgery, optimistic patients recover more quickly; 35-year harvard study, pessimists died sooner or were ill by 45-50 because they did not take care of themselves, do not cope as well and appear to have depressed immune functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to cope with stress |
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Term
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Definition
did a lot of research on hardiness, people who tolerate stress well seem to thrive on it; she noticed several characteristics:
open to change
internally motivated
deeply committed to work
immerse themselves in a meaningful hobby/activity
view stress as a challenge
see themselves as in control of their lives |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to "bounce back" from stressors |
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Term
| study of kids in Hawaii with resilience |
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Definition
in a bad area, 2/3 had problems in adulthood, 1/3 were successful... that 1/3:
affectionate
had interests/talents
had a relationship with an adult not their parents |
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Term
| post-traumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
| once called shell shock, any tragic event can lead to this |
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Definition
| memories of trauma reoccur unexpectedly; flashbacks |
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Definition
| person often avoids close emotional ties with family, colleagues and friends; reminders of event; survivor's guilt |
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Definition
| PTSD cause those who have it to act as if they are constantly threatened by trauma that caused their illness |
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Definition
| intrusion, avoidance, and hyper-arousal |
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Definition
| more than one mental disorder at the same time |
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| problem-focused coping with stress |
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Definition
| taking steps to change the source of stress; coping is based on the problem |
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Definition
| efforts to change one's emotional response to stressor |
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Term
| psychologists believe that emotion-focused coping should not be your only way of coping with stress because... |
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Definition
| it generally only offers short-term relief |
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Term
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Definition
coronary heart disease
cancers of all types
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
ulcers
social embarrasment |
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Term
| non-smoking laws may keep people from smoking |
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Definition
| people don't like being told what to do, so they keep smoking |
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Term
| smoking withdrawal symptoms |
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Definition
cravings to smoke
irritable, cranky
insomnia
fatigue becomes nicotine is a stimulant
inability to concentrate
headache
cough will get worse in the short term because your lungs are trying to cleanse themselves
sore throat
constipation, gas, stomach pain
dry mouth |
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Term
| coping with smoking cessation symptoms 5d's plus some |
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Definition
DELAY until urge passes- usually 3-5 min
DISTRACT yourself
DRINK water
DEEP breaths
DISCUSS your feelings
exercise
get more rest
reward yourself at the end of every successful day |
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Term
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Definition
| consuming 5+ alcoholic drinks in a row and 4+ for girls |
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Definition
| LSU student died of binge drinking in 1997 |
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Definition
| receiving, converting and transmitting info from the outside world |
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Term
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Definition
| selecting, organizing and interpreting raw sensory data into useful menatal representations of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| energy stimulates a receptor cell in a sense organ |
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Term
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Definition
| cell that responds to a particular type of energy; sends a signal along the sensory nerves to the appropriate area of the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| how does the brain distinguish between different types of stimuli? |
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Definition
| receptor cells are specialized to respond to only one form of energy; sensory messages enter brain on different channels |
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Term
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Definition
| minimum intensity of physical energy required to produce any sensation at all |
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Term
| absolute threshold set at point detectable __% of the time |
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Definition
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Term
sensitivity to:
taste
smell
touch
hearing
vision |
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Definition
1 gram of table salt in 500 L water
1 drop perfume in 6-room apt
wing of a bee falling from 1 cm
tick of watch from 20 ft away
a candle flame from 30 mi at night |
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Term
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Definition
| adjustment of senses to level of stimulation they are receiving |
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Definition
| aka noticeable difference, smallest change in stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| lining of eye that contains receptor cells that are sensitive to light |
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Definition
| responsible for night vision and perception to brightness |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| area of retina that is center of visual field |
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Term
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Definition
| sensitivity of rods and cones changes according to how much light is available |
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Term
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Definition
| rods and cones become more sensitive to light in response to lowered levels of illumination |
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Term
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Definition
| rods and cones become less sensitive to light in response to increased levels of illumination |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological experience created by brain in response to changes in air pressure that are received by the auditory system |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in pressure caused when molecules of air or fluid collide with one another and then move apart... producing sound |
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Term
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Definition
| number of waves per second in a wave; in sound, primary determinant of pitch |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory experience corresponding primarily to frequency of sound vibrations, resulting in a higher or lower tone |
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Term
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Definition
| magnitude of a wave; primary determinant of loudness or volume |
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Term
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Definition
| unit of measurement for sound |
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Term
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Definition
| lose ability to hear softer sounds, but can hear the louder sounds still |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of sound waves produced by different sources, helps you differentiate voices |
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Term
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Definition
| inner ear, outer ear, middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| gathers, delivers sound to middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| amplifies and concentrates sound |
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Definition
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Definition
| relatively common due to injury, infections, smoking, explosions etc.brief exposure over 150 decibels can cause permanent damage, as can daily exposure to 85 decibels |
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Term
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Definition
| conduction deafness and nerve deafness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inner-ear deafness, more of an innate trait, people are born with it |
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Term
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Definition
| mucus membrane containing smell receptors; of all of our senses, smell is most primitive and evocative, we rarely see odor as neutral and we can detect over 10,000 different smells |
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Term
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Definition
| humans are omnivores;to understand taste, we must distinguish it from flavor |
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Term
| 3 recent tastes found by investigators |
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Definition
astringent (tannins, the dusty quality of some teas and wines)
Umami(monosodium glutamate, protein
? one with no name yet (fat) |
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Term
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Definition
| the taste of one thing modifies the taste of other things (brush teeth, orange juice) |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle movement, posture and strain on muscles and joints, info about speed or direction of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| equilibrium and body position in space, orientation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| skin displacement of ____ inch can result in a sensation pleasure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| new piece of jewelry is felt at first, but then you get used to it |
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Term
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Definition
| have to interpret raw data; Gesalt psychologists say that perception is more than the sum of its parts, it is the sum of stimuli and is predictable |
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Term
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Definition
| entity that stands apart from a background |
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Term
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Definition
| background against which a figure appears |
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Term
| when there aren't enough hues to set figures apart from their backgrounds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to perceive objects as relatively stable/unchanging despite changing sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| perception of object as same size regardless of the distance from which it is viewed, depends partly on experience |
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Term
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Definition
| see object as the same shape no matter what angle it is viewed from |
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Term
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Definition
| perceive familiar objects as retaining their color despite changes in sensory info, doesn't work well for unfamiliar objects |
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Term
| perceiving distance and depth |
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Definition
| ability to judge distance and depth crucial for movement |
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Term
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Definition
| visual cues requiring the use of one eye |
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Term
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Definition
| distance objects have a hazy appearance and a somewhat blurred outline |
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Term
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Definition
| close object seems to have a rough or detailed structure |
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Term
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Definition
| two parallel lines that extend into distance appear to come together at some point on the horizon |
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Term
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Definition
visual cues requiring both eyes:
stereoscopic vision
retinal disparity
convergencw |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of 2 retinal images to give a 3-D experience, looking at the world with 2 eyes as opposed to one |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between images cast on two retinas when both eyes are focused on the same object |
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| muscles controlling eye movement as eyes turn inward to view a nearby stimulus |
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| requires just one ear; loud sounds are perceived as closer than faint sounds |
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| involves both ears; sounds each other slightly ahead of the other, time difference between sound waves reaching the ears allows us to judge location |
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| certain events occur outside our conscious awareness |
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| improve memory and self-esteem |
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| ESP or Extrasensory perception |
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Definition
| response to unknown event not presented to any known sense |
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Definition
| awareness of an unknown object or event |
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| knowledge of someone else's thoughts or feelings |
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