Term
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Definition
like a flash,
happens with unusual, shocking or tragic events, but not always complete or accurate and can change over time. |
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Term
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Definition
Being able to retain and retireve info
- need it to function in world
- sense of personal identy and gives us our past and guides future |
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Term
| False or distorted memories |
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Definition
Disney World Example: likely to believe something that someone else said happened when you can't remember it..and believe its true
- false/distorted memories CAN be created |
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Term
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Definition
| investigate whether or not an eye witness's memory can be altered by information supplied to them after an event...memory changed with more descriptive words (contacted v. smashed) |
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Term
| gist and verbatim processing |
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Definition
gist: get the gist of it
Verbatim: more detailed, exact information |
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Term
| children susceptible to suggestion? |
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Definition
| ask open ended questions, children are likely to answer a certain way if questions are leading. |
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Term
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Definition
Recall: being able to get information and reproducve it: essay, fill in the blank
Recognition: identify information: true/false, multiple choice |
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Definition
Priming: more likely to list fruit if read aloud a list of fruits
Relearning: learning twice is easier second time. |
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Term
| three box model of memory |
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Definition
sensory memory: large capacity, holds info for about 0.5 - 2 seconds
Short Term Memory(working memory): holds 7+/- CHUNKS of information for 15-20 seconds (say it over and over again)
Long Term Memory: unlimited capacity, unlimited duration (subjected to interferences and change) |
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Term
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Definition
makes it easier to remember information
(phone numbers) |
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Term
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Definition
| HOW to do things, performance of actions or skills |
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Term
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Definition
| remembering facts or concepts |
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Term
| primacy and recency effect |
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Definition
| more likely to remember the first and last information told...more likely to remember the very last information most |
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Term
| deep processing and shallow processing |
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Definition
Deep: processing meaning of something
Shallow: focus on letters or words, memorizing poem or spelling of words |
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Term
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Definition
| when grocery shopping, picture your house and go through each room to determine what you need to buy |
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Term
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Definition
| idea of use it or lose it |
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Term
| retroactive and proactive interference |
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Definition
retroactive: new information interferes with ability to remember old info
proactive: old information interfers with ability to remember new info. |
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Term
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Definition
| physical or mental state can affect memory |
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Term
state dependent theory:
enviromental context
physical state
emotional state
sensory modality |
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Definition
Enviromental context: better able to remember in same enviroment (same room during a test)
Pysical: new info under influence better remember under unfluence
Emotional: remember sad things when sad
Sensory: info in verbal form, perform better in verbal questions |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to remember first 2 years of life due to lack of sense of self, impoverished encoding, focus on routine, different ways of tihnking about the world, |
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Definition
| 2001: ones who watched the show, learned more and easier |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively permanent change in behavior due to some sort of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasize on study of observable behaviors and role of environment |
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Term
| Stimuluses and Responses (Office Altoids video) |
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Definition
a. Unconditioned Stimulus
b. Unconditioned Response
c. Conditioned Stimulus
d. Conditioned Response |
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Term
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Definition
| weakening of learning response...happens over time |
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Term
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Definition
| reappeance of a response after extinction |
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Term
| stimulus generalization and discrimination |
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Definition
stimulus generalization: stimulus conditioned stimulus produced learned response
Stimulus descriminization: respond differently to two or more similar stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| you can be taught to fear something...must be taught not to fear as well |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior + consequences, behavior is more or less likely to occur depending on consequences. (punishment v. rewards) |
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Term
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Definition
| increases likelyhood of a behavior, reward of somesort |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases likelyhood of behavior |
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Term
| continuous and intermittent schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
Continuous reinforcement: everytime do behavior = reward
Intermittent reinforcement: response sometimes rewarded, not always |
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Term
| successive approximations |
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Definition
| idea of taking baby steps when reaching behavior goals |
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Term
| When does punishment fail? |
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Definition
1. when people give punishment inappropriately
2. recepient responds when anxiety or fear
3. effectiveness is/can be temporary (depends on who is giving punishment)
4. most misbehavior hard to punish immediately (not at wal-mart)
5. punishment conveys little information
6. action intended to punish may be reinforcing (attention) |
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Term
| extrinsic and intrinsic rewards |
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Definition
Extrinsic: not related to behavior or action being reinforced
Intrinsic: related to behavior being reinforced, (being satisfied w/ accomplishment) |
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Term
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Definition
never really taught, but still learn from observation learning not same as performance |
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Term
| Bandura's study of children |
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Definition
children more likely to hit the doll after watching video of adults hitting doll
-learns new responses or how to behave by observing someone else do that behavior |
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Term
| Thorndike’s law of effect |
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Definition
| purchase product and outcome is positive...than more likely to rebuy or endorse it to friends |
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Term
| Why do we receive artificial reinforcers from companies on top of the natural reinforcer from purchasing their product? |
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Definition
| extra positive reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| study of how social rolls, attitudes, relationships and groups influence people to do things that they wouldn't do on their own |
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Term
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Definition
rules that regulate social life
(facing back of elevator) |
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Term
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Definition
| positions regulated by nrmals: gender rolls, occupational rolls, family rolls |
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Term
| Milgram study (obedience) |
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Definition
teacher and paid actor as student
- obey authority figures |
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Term
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Definition
| social situations can cause you to act in different ways |
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Term
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Definition
if you do something you tell me to do, than you're responsible for it.
- making a routine of the task
- wanting to be polite
- entrapment: so envolved you can't get out |
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Term
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Definition
situational: cause of behavior is something in enviroment or situation
- it was the teacher/test was too hard
dispositional: cause of action or behavior is some aspect of that/ or another person.
- I'm stupid or I dont know anything |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
tendency to explain people's behavior by ignoring situation attributes and focusing on dispositional attributes
-she didnt say hi because she's being shady...not being she didnt see me. |
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Term
| explicit and implicit attitudes |
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Definition
explicit: you're aware of, know, can think about
Implicit: unaware of, unconscious |
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Term
| When are we most vulnerable to persuasion? |
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Definition
1. under physical/emotional distress
2. problems reduced to one simple explanation, repeated often
3. leaders offer unconditional love, acceptance and attention
4. person subjected to entrapment
5. access to outside information is controlled |
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Term
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Definition
| more likely to go with the group even though you know they're wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for all members to think alike and supress disagreements |
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Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| to avoid taking responsibility because others will do so |
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Term
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Definition
| lost sense of identity in a large group |
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Term
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Definition
| self concept, who you are based on identifying w/ nation or culture or gender. |
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Definition
| identification w/ racial or religious group |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that one's own ethnic group, nation or religion is superior to all others |
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Definition
| members of minority group came to identify w/ and feel part of main stream culture |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive schema or a summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait |
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Term
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Definition
negative stereotype + strong dislike toward another group
psychological: helps deal w/ doubt and fear
social and cultural: groupthink
economic: prejudice makes official forms of discrimination seem legit (men v. women in work place) |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious emotions: people that show tolerant beliefs unconsciously show more negative emotions towards a group |
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Term
| Primary reinforcer/ punisher |
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Definition
reinforcer: food/water
punisher: pain, extreme hear or cold |
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Term
| secondary reinforcer/punisher |
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Definition
reinforcer: good grader, verbal praise, money
punisher: traffic tickers, criticism |
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Term
| positive negative punishment: |
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Definition
positive: unpleassand added: spanking
negative: something pleasant removed: no tv |
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Term
| Skinner box & Operant conditioning |
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Definition
| responses becomes more or less likely to occur depending on consequences...push lever and get food = more likely to push lever |
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Term
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Definition
| cigarette tokens: points add up so you're more likely to buy a lot of that product |
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