Term
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Definition
| age-related changes in behavior / mental processes from conception to death |
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Term
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Definition
Maturational approach
Development proceeds in an orderly fashion, is a result of genetics |
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Term
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Definition
Experience Approach
Emphasized importance of environment for development |
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Term
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Definition
| Relative contribution of both nature and nurture |
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Term
| Continuity View of Developmental Psychology |
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Definition
| Development is a gradual, additive process without sudden change |
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Term
| Discontinuity of Development Psychology |
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Definition
| Development is discontinuous qualitative transformations |
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Term
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Definition
| Experiences of infancy are especially important for later development |
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Term
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Definition
| Early experiences are important to development, but no more important than later experiences |
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Term
| Interactionist perspective |
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Definition
| Relations and contributions from each side |
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Term
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Definition
| studying people all at one time (ex. difference age groups) |
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Term
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Definition
| studying same group of people for a period of time |
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Term
| Problems of Cross-sectional studies |
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Definition
Cohort effects - difference that result from specific histories of age groups studied
Ex. Different education |
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Term
| Problems with Longitudinal studies |
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Definition
expensive, both in time and money
Attrition - loss of research participants over time (hopefully loss is random) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st two weeks after conception. Creation of zygote (fertilized egg), cell division, and attachment of zygote to uterine wall |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-8 weeks after conception. Rate of Cell division increases, support systems for cells form, and organs appear. Mass of cells attached to uterine wall forms layers and is now called "embryo" |
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Term
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Definition
| digestive and respiratory systems |
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Term
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Definition
| nervous system and sensory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| bones, muscles, excretory, reproductive, and circulatory systems |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-9 months after conception. Fetus is rapidly gaining weight; fine detailing of body organs and systems |
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Term
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Definition
| an agent that produces a malformation or raises population incidence of malformation |
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Term
| 3 Factors of Severity from Teratogens |
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Definition
1) Dose Response
2) Time of exposure (certain stage of development are more vulnerable than others) (Ex. 1st trimester)
3) Genetic susceptibility - genotype of pregnant woman and genotype of fetus |
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Term
| Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| a group of abnormalities in babies born to mother who consume alcohol during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| Accounts for 20-30% of low-birth weight babies, up to 15$ preterm deliveries, and some 10% of all infant deaths. Also associated with asthma |
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Term
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Definition
| greatest development takes place at top of body, and physical development moves gradually downward |
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Term
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Definition
| growth starts at center of body and moves towards extremities. You can control your chest muscles before you can control your shoulder or arm muscles |
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Term
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Definition
At birth, baby has 100 billion neurons and 50 trillion synapses
First 3 months, synapses multiply more than 20x
Pruning - removing of connections that are not used |
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Term
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Definition
| an involuntary response to a particular stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
- Protective (blinking)
- Provide instincts - feeding
- Avoid injury
- Development of voluntary movement
- USeful for diagnosing abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
- Blinking
- Babinski - stroke the sole of the foot, a baby spreads toes, adults curl toes, if adult acts like a baby they probably have brain damage
- Crawling
- Moro's reflex AKA startle reflex - when a baby senses they are falling
- Palmar and plantar grasp
- Sucking
- Rooting |
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Term
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Definition
20/400 - 20/600; range 8-10 in. away from face
Visual prefences: sharp outlines (contrast), comples patterns with lots of curvy elements, moving objects, human face
Tracking - focus attention on a moving object and follow it with eyes |
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Term
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Definition
can hear before birth - prefer songs / voices heard in womb
Motherese, AKA child-directed speech (baby talk) |
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Term
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Definition
very important for bonding, makes infant feel more secure
Newborns suck fingers because lips and fingers have many touch receptors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
can pick out mother's breast pad by small
Very acute. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| biological changes during adolescence that lead to an adult-sized body/sexual maturity |
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Term
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Definition
adolescent gains a lot of height, weight, and skeletal growth
F - 3.5 / yr
M - 4.1 / yr
Girls hit growth spurt about two years before boys do |
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Term
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Definition
| strong affectionate bond with special others that endures over time |
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Term
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Definition
| infants are motivated to seek out the attention / proximity of adults, especially when hurt or scared |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic Orientation |
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Definition
| early experiences with caregivers lead to formation of "working models" |
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Term
| Harlow's rhesus monkey student |
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Definition
2 surrogate mothers - one covered with wire, one covered with terry cloth
Monkeys preferred cloth mother. Contact and comfort seemed more important than feeding
Later showed social deficits because they didnt' have an actual mother. |
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Term
| Ainsworth's Strange Situation |
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Definition
| major attachment types from experiment including a baby, its mother, and a stranger |
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Term
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Definition
| they want to explore, but use mom as a base (to see if it's okay) |
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Term
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Definition
| don't use mom as a secure base |
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Term
| Insecure anxious/avbivalent |
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Definition
| they are preoccupied with mom, they stick to mom, they don't leave her, the get really upset when mom leaves, and are angry at her when she comes back |
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Term
| Insecure disorganized/disoriented |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| their relationships are for their use not for bonding |
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Term
| Reactive attachment disorder |
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Definition
| not a lot of affection in first two years. They hurt other kids and animals |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which parents set down rules/expectations for behavior and required children to comply (strictness) |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which parents are sensitive to children's needs and express love, warmth, and concern for children |
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Term
| Authoritative Parenting Style |
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Definition
high in both demandingness and responsiveness
Most positive outcomes for kids |
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Term
| Authoritarian Parenting Style |
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Definition
High in demandingness but low in responsiveness
Rebellion or dependency
Violence in and out of home
Less creative, less socially competent, and less elf assured |
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Term
| Indulgent Parenting Style |
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Definition
low in demandingness and high in responsiveness
If overindulged but not guided or properly socialized, kids not prepared to accept or responsibilities or real world |
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Term
| Indifferent Parenting Style |
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Definition
| low in both demandingness and responsiveness |
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Term
| Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory |
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Definition
| Piaget saw cognitive development as a series of stages |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive structures - organized ideas that grow / differentiate with experience |
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Term
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Definition
| including / adjusting new information |
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Term
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Definition
| absorbing new information into existing schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to better fit with new information |
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Term
| Sensorimotor Stage of Piaget's Theory |
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Definition
birth - 2 - learning to coordinate motor reactions with sensory input
Object permanence - just because something is out of sigh doesn't mean it no longer exists |
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Term
| Preoperational stage of Piaget's Theory |
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Definition
| (2-7) - symbolic-representational ability - objects can be represented with symbols |
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Term
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Definition
infants don't understand that other people have a different point of view
An error in the preoperational stage of Piaget's Theory |
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Term
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Definition
giving human or life-like qualities to inanimate objects
An error in the preoperational stage of Piaget's Theory |
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Term
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Definition
trying to link two things that are not related
An error in the preoperational stage of Piaget's Theory |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Stage of Piaget's Theory |
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Definition
(7-11) - reasoning becomes more flexible, logical, organized
Limitation - can only reason about concrete things and not abstract thoughts |
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Term
| Formal-Operational Stage of Piaget's Theory |
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Definition
(11+) - abstract, logical, idealistic
Adolescent egocentrism - everyone is focused on "me"
Personal fable - you are unique and special - no one understands you
Imaginary audience - everyone is looking at and judging me |
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Term
| Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development` |
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Definition
-initial study 72 boys (10, 13, 16)
-10 moral dilemmas present to each
- asked to select one of two and then asked why? |
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Term
| Level 1 (Preconventional reasoning) |
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Definition
| children using definitions of good/bad provided by parental authority figures |
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Term
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Definition
| punishment and obedience orientations - moral thinking tied to punishment |
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Term
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Definition
Instrumental-exchange orientation - nice to you if you're nice to me
Motivation: satisfy self and gain rewards from others |
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Term
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Definition
| conventional reasoning - conformity to rules based on desire to maintain social order |
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Term
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Definition
"Good child" orientation - maintaining good relations with approval of others
M: avoid disapproval of others |
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Term
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Definition
Law-and-order - judgements based on understanding social order, law, justice, and duty
M: Maintain law and order, concern for community |
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Term
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Definition
| postconventional reasoning - self-accepted moral principles |
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Term
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Definition
social-contract orientation - individual defines in terms of general principle and human rights
M: gain respect |
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Term
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Definition
Universal Ethics orientation - universal ethical principles that all religions or moral authorities might view
Do not have to adhere to existing laws
M: avoid own sense of guilt |
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Term
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Definition
- Difficulty determining stage
- Stage regression
- Higher level =/ higher morality?
- Gender
- Culture |
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Term
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Definition
| theory was biased towards males and a justice perspective - places a premium on abstract principles of justice equality and fairness |
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Term
| Women use care perpective |
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Definition
| responsibility to human beings rather than to abstract principles |
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Term
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Definition
| do what you want as long as you don't hurt others |
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Term
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Definition
| responsibility to the group |
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Term
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Definition
| individual is a spiritual entity, subject to rules of a divine authority |
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Term
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Definition
1st year
most important consistency, prediction, reliability in caretaker's actions |
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Term
| Autonomy vs shame and doubt |
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Definition
1-3 years
trying to exercise sense of autonomy |
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Term
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Definition
Preschool
child makes plans, sets goals, and perseveres in attaining them |
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Term
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Definition
Elementary school
learning the useful skills and tools of the wider culture |
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Term
| Identity vs identity confusion |
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Definition
adolescence
establishing an ago identity - who one is; one's place in the larger social order |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Generativity vs stagnation |
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Definition
adulthood
creation of children / production of things and ideas through work |
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Term
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Definition
old age
life review - accomplishments / regrets
ego integrity - order to life - did best they coud with their life circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
- fear of death is seldom a primary concern for people in later adulthood
- elderly DO have some major fears associated with dying
- relatives have their own fears about dying |
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Term
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Definition
1) Denial
2) Anger
3) Bargaining
4) Depression
5) Acceptance |
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Term
| Psychiatrist Elisabeth Kubler |
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Definition
Cross interviewed 200+ dying people to try and understand
Most dying of cancer and 200 is not enough |
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Term
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Definition
1) Numbness - emptiness / denial
2) Yearning and searching - longing for loved one, guild, anger, resentment
3) Disorganization, anger, and despair - disruption of normal activity
4) Reorganization / resolution - acceptance of loss, reorg. new roles |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Bruce/Brenda, AKA John/Joan |
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Term
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Definition
biological status of being male or female
Genetically and hormonally determined |
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Term
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Definition
| internal sense of being male or female |
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Term
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Definition
| social categories of male and female |
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Term
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Definition
instrumental roles
taking charge, standing up for themselves, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
expressive roles
take care of others, being kind and nurturing |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of masculine / feminine traits in one person |
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Term
| Gender role transcendence |
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Definition
| when an individuals competence is at issue, it should be conceptualized on a person basis |
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Term
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Definition
gender role instruction is no different from any other kind of social learning
- direct tuition - AKA differential reinforcement |
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Term
| Cognitive-Developmental Theory |
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Definition
(Kohlberg)
- children have to reach a level where they form a gender identity
- actively socialize themsevles |
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Term
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Definition
| networks of gender information that color perceptions / shape behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| natural selection and adaptation as major determinants of social behavior |
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Term
| Actual Difference Between Boys and Girls |
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Definition
Verbal ability - girls
Visual / spacial ability - boys
Math - men @ theory; woman @ equations
Aggression - men physical (overtly); woman mental (covertly) |
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Term
| More Recent / Controversial Differences |
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Definition
Activity Levels
Fear, timid, and risk-taking
Emotional expressivity /sensitivity
Compliance
Difference more or less prevalent by culture |
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Term
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Definition
maximizes the differences between the sexes
minimizes the different between the sexes |
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Term
| Research about Sex Differences |
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Definition
- high degree of overlap in the distribution of the sexes
- within-sex variability is very high
- difference vary by context |
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Term
| Restrictive Cultural Belief on Sexuality |
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Definition
| strong prohibitions on sex before marriage |
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Term
| Semirestrictive Cultural Belief on Sexuality |
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Definition
prohibitions are not as strictly enforced, and there are easy ways around them
(USA) |
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Term
| Permissive Cultural Belief on Sexuality |
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Definition
encourage and expect sexuality
Mangaian culture of South Pacific |
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Term
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Definition
| removed of hood and/or tip of the clitioris |
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Term
| Clitoridectomy (AKA excision) |
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Definition
| removal of entire clitoris, and adjacent labia |
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Term
| Infibulation (AKA pharaonic circumcision) |
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Definition
| removal of clitoris, adjacent labia (major and minora) and joining scraped sides of vulva across vagina |
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Term
| Female Genital Mutilation |
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Definition
FGM
"cleanliness", danger to husband, economic survival, insurance of virginity
Cultural, not religious |
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Term
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Definition
More acceptable to view as a continuum (everyone is a little)
Alfred Kinsey scale (0-6) |
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Term
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Definition
irrational fear and hatred of homosexuals
- result in ridicule, beatings, murder |
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Term
| Hormone studies (causes of homosexuality) |
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Definition
Inconsistent
2nd-5th months after conception, exposure of fetus to hormone levels characteristic of a female might cause individual (male or female) to be attracted to males |
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Term
| Brain studies (causes of homosexuality) |
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Definition
| LeVay found an area of hypothalamus that governs sexual behavior is twice as large in heterosexual men as in homosexual men |
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Term
| Twin studies (causes of homosexuality) |
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Definition
Monozygotic twins - almost 2/3 correspondence
Dizygotic twins - less that 1/3 correspondence |
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Term
| Determining factors of Sexual Orientation |
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Definition
| most likely determined by a combinations of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors |
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Term
| FALSE causes of Homosexuality |
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Definition
1) Modeling Theory (if parents are kids are)
2) Poor parenting theory
3) Role models
4) Seduction Theory
5) "By default" myth |
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Term
| Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) |
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Definition
- affect men and women of all backgrounds and economic levels
- usually cause no symptoms
- health problems caused by them more frequent in women |
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Term
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Definition
- avoid sexual contact
- don't have sex with infected people
- correctly and consistently use a condom
- delay sex as long as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal |
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Term
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Definition
| subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and expressiona |
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Term
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Definition
specific, inborn behavior patterns characteristic of an entire species
Fell out of favor:
(most important behaviors learned, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
behavior aimed at reducing a state of bodily tension/arousal and returning organism to homeostasis (balance)
(implies that, if able, people would spend as much time as possible at rest) |
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Term
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Definition
| state of tension or arousal that motivates behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| unlearned, found in all animals; motivate behavior vital to survival of individual/species |
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Term
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Definition
| learned; not based on a physiological state (motivation) |
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Term
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Definition
each individual has an optimum level of arousal; varies from one situation to next and over course of the day
(refers to the state of alertness) |
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Term
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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Definition
| thought of needs and motivation as a pyramid; higher needs only come into focus once all lower needs are mainly or entirely satisfied |
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Term
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Definition
i) physiological needs (eat, sleep, drink)
ii) safety needs
iii) love/belonging needs
iv) esteem needs |
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Term
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Definition
i) self-actualization - need to make the most of unique abilities
ii) self-transcendence - spiritual needs |
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Term
| Characteristics of self-actualizing people |
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Definition
a) embrace facts/realities of world
b) spontaneous in their ideas and actions
c) creative
d) are interested in solving problems
e) feel closeness to others (life)
f) have internal morality
g) judge others w/o prejudice |
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Term
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Definition
| desire to perform a behavior that stems from behavior performed (sports, video games) |
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Term
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Definition
| desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment |
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Term
| Intrinsic / Extrinsic Motivations |
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Definition
more likely to continue things intrinsically motivated to do.
When extrinsic rewards are offered for a behavior, intrinsic motivation and a sense of personal responsibility for behavior are likely to decrease |
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Term
| "On Switch" and "Off Switch" of the Brain For Hunger |
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Definition
| Lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus (respectively) |
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Term
| Physical Sensations of Hunger |
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Definition
Cannon and Washburn test
Washburn swallowed a rubber tube to register contractions of stomach.
Hunger when stomach contracted. |
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Term
| Glucostatic theory of hunger |
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Definition
| feel hungry when glucostats detect low levels of glucose in blood |
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Term
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Definition
body weight 15% or more above the ideal of one's height / age; BMI over 30
-1/3 of adults in US
- risk heart disease, high b.p., diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
self-starvation - 15% below ideal body weight
Body dysmorphia (see themselves differently than everyone else sees them) |
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Term
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Definition
Biological - higher levels of serotonin / genetic predisposition
Social - professions / sports / cultural values / family influence
Psychological & Emortional - personality / major life events /powerlessness |
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Term
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Definition
binge and purge, now exercise happy
Often maintain normal body weight
Cans tart to vomit blood because of abrasions in the esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| Fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance |
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Term
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Definition
shared by people throughout the world, regardless of culture
a) be evident in all cultures
b) contribute to survival
c) be associated with a distinct facial expression
d) be evident in non-human primates |
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Term
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Definition
| found throughout one or more cultures, but not all |
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Term
| James-Lange theory of emotion |
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Definition
| stimuli in environment cause physiological changes in our bodies that we interpret as emotions (bodily change cause emotions) |
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Term
| Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| we experience emotion and physiological changes at same time (emotion causes bodily changes) |
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Term
| Schacter's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| Trigger > Bodily Changes > Cognitive label |
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Term
| Facial feedback theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| Emotion is experience of change in our facial muscles |
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