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| Cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks |
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A neuron is made up of three parts:
A ____ that houses the chromosomes with the organism’s DNA and maintains the health of the cell
____ that receive information from other neurons
An ____ that transmits information to other neurons, muscles, and glands. |
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| The part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive. |
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| Part of the neuron that receives information from other neurons and relay it to the cell body. |
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| The part of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons, muscles, or glands. |
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| Support cells found in the nervous system. |
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| Some glial cells form ____, insulating layers of fatty materials around the axons of some neurons. |
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| An insulating layer of fatty material around the axons of some neurons. |
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Axons insulated with ____ can more effectively transmit signals to other neurons, organs or muscles.
(Resembles the thicker portion of a sausage link) |
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| The gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another. |
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| There are three major types of neurons: |
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Definition
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons. |
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Receives information from the external world and conveys this information to the brain via the spinal cord.
Ex: Light, sound, touch, taste, and smell. |
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| Carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement. |
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| Connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, and other interneurons. |
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Potassium (K+) channels- open
Sodium (Na+) channels= closed
Charge- negative |
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| The difference in electric charge between the inside and the outside of a neuron’s cell membrane. |
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Potassium (K+) channels = open
Sodium (Na+) channels= closed
Charge = negative |
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| An electrical signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron’s axon to the synapse. |
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Sodium (Na+) channels= open
Potassium (K+) channels = closed
Charge = positive |
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In the ____ after the action potential, the channels return to their original state, allowing Potassium (K+) to flow outside of the axon. This leaves an abundance of K+ outside and Na+ inside the cell.
A chemical pump then reverses the ion balance of ions by moving Na+ out of the axon and K+ into the axon. The neuron can now generate another action potential. |
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Formed by a type of glial cell, it wraps around a neuron’s axon to speed the transmission of the action potential along the length of the axon.
Resembles the thicker portion of a sausage link. |
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Breaks in the myelin sheath, which allow the electric impulse to jump from node to node, thereby speeding the conduction of information down the axon.
Resembles the thinner portion of a sausage link. |
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Knoblike structures that branch out from an axon.
When the action potential reaches the ____ it stimulates the release of neurotransmitters. |
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Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron’s dendrites.
These ____ float across the synapse and bind to sites on the dendrites of the receiving neuron called receptors. |
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| Parts of the cell membrane that receive neurotransmitter and initiate a new electric signal. |
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| Detect how much of a neurotransmitter has been released into a synapse and signal the neuron to stop releasing the neurotransmitter when an excess is present. |
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| A neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal. |
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| The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Inhibitory neurotransmitters stop the firing of neurons. Too little ____, just like too much glutamate, can cause neurons to become overactive, causing seizures. |
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| Composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The ____ sensory information from the external world, processes and coordinates this information, and sends commands to the skeletal and muscular systems for action. |
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Connects the central nervous system to the body’s organs and muscles.
The ____ is itself composed of two major subdivisions, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. |
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| Peripheral nervous system |
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A set of nerves that convey information into and out of the central nervous system.
Humans have conscience control over this system and use it to perceive, think, and coordinate their behaviors. Ex: Directing your hand to pick up a coffee cup. |
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| A set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands. Works outside of conscience control. |
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| The autonomic nervous system has two subdivisions: |
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| Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. |
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A set of nerves that prepares the body for action in threatening situations.
Ex: Dilates your pupils, increase your heart rate and respiration, etc. |
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| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Helps the body return to a normal resting state.
Reverses the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. |
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| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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| Major divisions of the brain: |
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Definition
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain |
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Coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord and controls the basic functions of life: Respiration, alertness, and motor skills.
It includes the medulla, the reticular formation, the cerebellum, and the pons. |
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| An extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration. |
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| A cluster of neurons located inside the medulla which regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal. |
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A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
Ex: Riding a bike, playing a piano, etc. |
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| Relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. |
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| Important for orientation and movement. |
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| Takes care of all the bodily functions necessary to sustain life. |
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| Orients you toward or away from pleasurable or threatening stimuli in the environment. |
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| The highest level of the brain is critical for complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions. |
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| Relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex. The ____ receives inputs from all the major senses except smell and actively filters incoming sensory information, giving more weight to some inputs and less weight to others. |
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Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior.
In charge of the four Fs: Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding, Fucking |
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| Releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands |
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| Critical for the creation and storage of new memories |
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| Plays a central role in many emotional processes |
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| Connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across hemispheres. |
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| Processes visual information |
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| Processes information about touch |
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| Processes hearing and language |
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| Controls movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment |
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| Initiates voluntary movements |
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| Which hemisphere is in charge of producing and understanding language |
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| Railroad worker who suffered a traumatic accident which allowed researchers to investigate the functions of the frontal lobe and its connections with our emotions. |
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| Split brain patients have their ____ severed in order to help their epilepsy. This operation also severs communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. |
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| The ability to store and retrieve information over time |
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| The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory. |
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| The process of maintaining information over time. |
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| The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored. |
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| The process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory. |
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Think about the meaning of the word
Ex: Hat is a type of clothing |
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Think about the sound of the word
Ex: Hat rhymes with cat |
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Think about the appearance of the word
Ex: Hat is written with one uppercase letter and two lowercase letters |
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| The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures. |
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| The act of categorizing information by noticing the relationships among a series of items. |
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The process of maintaining information in memory over time.
Memory storage has three major divisions: sensory, short-term, and long term. |
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| The place in which sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less. |
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| A fast-decaying store of visual information. |
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| A fast-decaying store of auditory information |
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| A place where nonsensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute. |
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| Short term memory can hold about ____ items at once. |
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| The process of keeping information in short- term memory by mentally repeating it. |
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| Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are easily held in short term memory. |
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| A place in which information can be kept for hours, days or weeks, or years. |
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| The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long term store. |
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| The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or an operation. |
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| Enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections. |
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| Plays an important role in long term memory storage. |
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| The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored. |
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| The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval. |
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| State dependent retrieval |
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| The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or knowing how to do things. |
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| An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus. |
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| A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world. |
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| The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place. |
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| Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time. |
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Measured his memory by charting his recall of nonsense syllables over time.
Results- Memory doesn’t fade at a constant rate over time. |
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| Later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier. |
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| Earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later. |
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| A lapse in attention that results in memory failure |
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| A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even through you are trying to produce it. |
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Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source.
Ex: Eyewitness misidentifications |
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