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Psychology Test 2
Chapters 5,6, and 7
79
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/07/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Definition
A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp.
Term
Circadian rhythms
Definition
The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species
Term
Electromyograph (EMG)
Definition
A device that records muscular activity and tension
Term
Electrooculograph (EOG)
Definition
A device that records eye movements
Term
Slow-wave sleep
Definition
Sleep stages 3 and 4, during which low frequency delta waves become more prominent in EEG recordings
Term
REM sleep
Definition
A deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming
Term

Types of Brain Waves

- Beta waves

- Alpha waves

- Theta waves

- Delta waves

Definition

Different levels of brain activity

(13-24 cps) [alert, waking thought]

(8-12 cps) [deep awake relaxation]

(4-7 cps) [light sleep]

(<4 cps) [deep sleep]

 

Term
Consciousness
Definition
whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time
Term
Insomnia
Definition
chronic problems in getting adequate sleep
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
A disease market by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods
Term
Sleep apnea
Definition
A sleep disorder characterized by frequent reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep
Term
Nightmare
Definition
Anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep
Term
Night terrors
Definition
Abrupt awakenings from Non-REM sleep accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic
Term
Somnambulism
Definition
arising and wandering about while remaining asleep (sleepwalking)
Term
Dreams
Definition
mental experiences during sleep
Term
Bad dreams
Definition
negative dreams that Don't wake the individual
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility
Term
Hypnotic Susceptibility
Definition
Individual differences
Term
Dissociation
Definition
A splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness
Term
Psychoactive Drugs
Definition
chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning
Term
Tolerance
Definition
A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug
Term
Physical dependence
Definition
The condition that exists when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness
Term
Psychological dependence
Definition
the condition that exists when a person must continue to take a drug in order to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving for the drug
Term
Expectancies
Definition
expected states when using
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
A type of learning in which neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
Term
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Definition
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
Term
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Definition
An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
Term
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
Term
Conditioned response (CR)
Definition
learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
Term
Trial
Definition
In classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus of pair of stimuli
Term
Acquisition
Definition
the formation of new conditioned response tendency
Term
Stimulus contiguity
Definition
occurring together in time and space
Term
Stimulus generalization
Definition
the phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Term
Extinction
Definition
the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
Term
Spontaneous recovery
Definition
In classical conditioning, the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the continued stimulus
Term
Higher order conditioning
Definition
a type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
Term
Law of effect
Definition
the principle that if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened
Term
Principle of reinforcement
Definition
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
an event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response
Term
Shaping
Definition
the reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response
Term
Primary reinforcers
Definition
events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
Term
Secondary reinforcers
Definition
stimulus events that acquire enforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforces
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is following by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
Term
Negative
Definition
the strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal an aversive stimulus
Term
Positive punishment
Definition
Term
Negative punishment
Definition
Term
Observational learning
Definition
a type of learning that occurs when an organisms responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
Term
Attention
Definition
focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
Term
Retention
Definition
the proportion of material retained
Term
Reproduction
Definition
Term
Motivation
Definition
goal-directed behavior
Term
Phobia
Definition
irrational fears of specific objects or situations
Term
Encoding
Definition
forming a memory code
Term
Storage
Definition
maintaining encoded information in memory over time
Term
Retrieval
Definition
recovering information from memory stores
Term
Selective attention
Definition
selection of input; information overload; multitasking (doesn't work)
Term
Elaboration
Definition
linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
Term
Visual imagery
Definition
linking info to images
Term
Self-referent encoding
Definition
deciding how or whether information is personally relevant
Term
Sensory memory
Definition
the preservation of information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second
Term
Short-term memory (STM)
Definition
a limited-capacity store that can maintained unrehearsed information for about 20 to 30 seconds
Term
Long-term memory (LTM)
Definition
an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
Term
Chunking
Definition
a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit
Term
Rehearsal
Definition
the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information to be stored in memory
Term
Flashbulb memories
Definition
usually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
Term
Clustering
Definition
Term
Conceptual hierarchies
Definition
a multilevel classification system based on common properties among items
Term
Schemas
Definition
an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events
Term
Semantic networks
Definition
concepts joined together by links that show how the concepts are related
Term
Misinformation effect
Definition
phenomenon that occurs when participants recall of an event they witnessed when participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post event information
Term
Retention
Definition
the proportion of material retained (remembered)
Term
Recall
Definition
a memory test that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues
Term
Recognition
Definition
a memory test that requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options
Term
Relearning
Definition
a memory test that requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before
Term
Proactive interference
Definition
a memory problem that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information
Term
Retroactive interference
Definition
a memory problem that occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
Term
Attention
Definition
focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
Term
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Definition
a temporary inability to remember something accompanies by a feeling that it's just out of reach
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