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| the part of the PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms |
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| the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands |
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| the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
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| central nervous system (CNS) |
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| the brain and spinal cord |
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| a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
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| chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another |
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| CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
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| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. |
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| a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next |
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| the division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system |
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| a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction. |
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| the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands |
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| a neural impulse, a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. |
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| neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS |
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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| the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
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| the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
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| chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. |
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| a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. They secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress. |
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| neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the PNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs |
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| the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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| neurons that carry outgoing information from the CNS to the muscles and glands |
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| the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. |
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| a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior |
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| "morphine within"-natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
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| a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response |
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| interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. |
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