A state in which a person is unusually responsive to suggestion.

Similar to sleep- but different

Aware at some level what is going on, unless instructed to not remember the session, they will.

Same brain waves of alpha and beta rays

Self hypnosis is possible

Memories brought up in a hypnotic state may or may not be real

Highly hypnotizable people remembered more while being hypnotized but they remember more inaccurately. 

  These can be treated more efficiently and it is helpful if hypnosis is combined with other types of therapy.

comfy room, "concentrate on something specific."

they say what you except, so you put trust in hypnotists

Developed in France by Freud. The patient sits and talks about whatever comes to their mind, (difficult memories, talk themselves through their situations on the couch, sitting away from the therapist so it’s free and the patients weren’t influence by the therapist. 

Moral side, on track to do good.

“No we shouldn’t, that’s not nice”

Psychosexual Stages of Development:

 Foundation of why we do what we do goes back to childhood

oral

anal

phallic

latency

genital

Lasts from ages 1-3

Satisfaction comes from being able to control bowel movements.

Fixations occur in 2 ways: 

 1. Parents are too lax during potty training; person is now a messy and wasteful person.

2. Parents were too demanding/ harsh and overly strict: their fixation is being very perfectionist, neat and tidy, having order to deal with anxiety, possessive= anal retentive.

From ages 3-5

Child has first understanding of sexual anatomy

Figures out who’s a boy and who’s a girl

 Gratification comes from desiring the opposite sex parent

Boys: Oedipus complex: Young boy has desire for his mother, but cannot fulfill this desire because of Dad; boy then learns how to become like Dad.

Girls: Electra Complex: (same thing, reverse gender)

Age 5- Puberty

Sexual tendency is emerged

Child sexual energy is not the focus anymore, Child’s just going through normal development and growth

Puberty- Adult Years

Primary focus is on mature adult relationships

Adult relationships result on how much energy is left over from previous stages

§  Difficult hypothesis to check

§  When checked; correlation is not there

§  Freud developed theory without studying a child

The effects of keeping some deep secrets in our life:

There are some things in our life that we want to forget.

½ participants were given the opportunity to meet and talk with researcher about these things in their life. ½ people didn’t have the opportunity to do this. Tracked their well being over time: People who shared: did better (could move on, be more successful) than those who didn’t share.

Dream analysis

defense mechanisms

transference

resistance

Completely Unconscious

Keep you from being consciously

aware of thoughts and feelings we otherwise couldn’t tolerate. 

if we actually felt the genuine emotion that our defense mechanism was trying to cover up we would feel a lot of anxiety.

Denial, repression, reaction formation, rationalization, displacement, sublimation, regression.

 Turn the emotion/feeling into the

opposite emotion.

(Little boy likes a girl on the playground, so he throws rocks at her)

Thinking that somebody else has the

thought of feeling that you have for

them.

 (You have a professor you hate, and you think they hate you too)

 Redirect your feelings to another target.

Just like displacement, taking out

feelings on another target, however

you are taking out feelings on another

target in a socially productive way.

Angry: write a poem about anger, go to the gym to get rid of anger.

Reverting back to an old and immature

behavior to vent your feelings.

(baby number 1, baby number 2)

Any client behavior that interferes with therapy. We find people guarding themselves of things that they shouldn’t guardà keeping the client from receiving healing. Client will come late to therapy, miss payments or drop major issues towards the end of the session so they can’t be helped.

Carl Jung

Karen Horneye

Adler

Agreed with the bulk of Freud’s ideas but made some changes

§  Jung believed there was a connection between himself and the society as a whole.

§  He believed there was a collective unconscious that all of humanity tapped into

1.       Extroversion / Introversion Scale: E / I

(Has to do with where you get your energy from [do you get your energy from being around people or from being by yourself])

2.       Sensing / Intuitive Scale:  S / N

(Deals with how you gather information) Sensors gather information from their senses: tell stories with details, Initiators give the big picture

3.       Thinking / Feeling Scale: T / F

(Deals with how you make decisions) Thinkers follow policy feelers have compassion and make exceptions

4.       Judging / Perceiving: J / P

(Deals with the way you go about tasks) Judgers keep planners and schedules and lists, perceivers keep options open and don’t commit or go with the flow

Deemphasizes some things that Freud emphasized:

§  Deemphasizes sexual aggression

§  Disagreed that women have weak super ego’s

§  Disagreed that women have penis envy: that they want to be men

§  She believed that the primary thing people need is security in their life when they feel anxious  

è Moving Towards:  

o   Start seeking out love and support (have a bad day, you need a hug or to talk to someone)

è Moving Away:

o   Remove themselves from situations, and don’t rely on other people for help, become more independent

è Move Against:

o   When people feel anxious and insecure they might become competitive and dominate and try to control the situation

§  Adler argued that people have the ability to consciously monitor their lives

§  Believed that one of our strong motivators was striving toward superiority

[Trying to adapt, improve ourselves, and master our environment] one way to do that is to develop your abilities

§  Adler dealt with this as a child

o   When you begin to feel inferior, develop your abilities more (work harder) [or when you feel inferior in one area you develop your skill in another area to feel better about yourself]

o   Person is denying a situation to conceal their weaknesses

exaggerated feeling of

self importance

Underneath the mask of

self importance they feel

awful about themselves

·         Stressed a person’s capacity for growth and change

·         Emphasized free will

·         Emphasized freedom to choose destiny

·         Looked at positive characteristics of the human person

Believed most people have trouble accepting who we really are

because] As we are growing up people

put contingents on their love for us

Split between whom we really were and

who we were trying to be to get people

to love us, the bigger the split the more

mal adjusted we’ll be and the lower the

self esteem we’ll have.

We devalue who we really are to become

what other people want us to be

Empathy

Genuineness

Unconditional Positive Reguard

fully functioning person

Deals with feeling the emotion with

the client [allows you to get inside

the world of the client, person feels

accepted and understood]

 Empathy has to be accurate : client

is sad, you feel sad

You have to somehow let the client

know that you’re feeling the

empathy with them

Is a learnable skill, you can train

yourself to develop it

 Deals with listening to yourself as

the therapist

Being aware of self during the

session

Being aware of how your acting and

responding to the client

You have to recognize how that

person makes you feel so you can

help them if they make other

people feel this way, tell it to the

client in a way they can hear and

grow and change in a way that

helps them overcome it.

Deals with loving the person

regardless of their behavior 

  If not, you’re treating them just like the rest of the world.

 Open to experiences (get rid of defensiveness)

 Existential Living (living in the

present, in the here and now)

Someone who is fully present to

what is going on right now in front

of them and their memories don’t

affect or prevent them from being

free

  Organismic trusting: trusting

yourself, trust yourself to do what’s

right, what comes naturally and

that is what is good.

Experiential Freedom: acknowledge

our free will and take responsibility

for choices and actions

Creativity: idea that once we reach

the state of being fully functional;

we want to help others to become

this way also.

(humanistic)

Self Esteem: [in relation to humanistic perspective]

  Sanguine: [extraverted] large amount of blood; trait personality was cheerful, react quickly to a situation but just as quickly forget about it [fast], decide quick and forget about it.

 Choleric:  [extraverted] access of yellow bile; they’re irritable and angry, also react quickly to situations, tend to hold on to reactions for a long period of time, decide quickly and hold on.

Melancholic: [introverted] access of black bile; depressed. Slow to react, to come to a conclusion but once they decide they stick with it for a long time. “It’s always been this way; it’s always going to be this way.”

Phlegmatic: [introverted] access of phlegm; Slow to respond, once they make a decision they quickly get over it. Unemotional.

Allports

4,500 traits grouped into 3 main categories

Cardinal Traits: Most powerful, pervasive traits that a person

could have. Not everyone has these traits and if we do this

would dominate our personality.

[Hitler had a cardinal trait that craved

power, Mother Theresa had a cardinal trait

for altruism]

   Central Traits: Most individuals had around 6-12 central traits.

Main characteristics that you think of when you think of

someone. [kind, funny, messy, traditional]

Secondary Traits: Attitudes and Preferences. [type of food you

like, music you listen to, thinks you prefer/ like]

believed we could reduce our normal variation into 2/3 dimensions. For people who didn’t have personality disorder could split up personality into 2 dimensions.

a.       Introversion/ Extroversion

Intro: get energy from being by themselves Extra: get energy from being with people

b.      Stability/ Instability

Low on neuroticism Stability: calm, even tempered, low key, care free.

High neuroticism instability: moody, anxious, nervous, they’re restless. They’re easily aroused emotionally by things that other people would consider neutral.

c.       [only pertains to those with serious mental disability] Psychotics: the extent to which people connect with reality and how well people can control their impulses, cruel uncaring towards others.

1.       The way trait theorists will categorize personality today. NEO-PI-R

Neuroticism

Extroversion

Openness

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

a.       assume that people are good people, people have good intentions and they’re trying to be fair, frank and sincere, like to help others, like assisting those in need, don’t like confrontation, compromise what they want for not causing a problem with the other person, high in compassion and empathy.

a.       have confidence in their ability to accomplish things. Like routines and schedules, keep lists, make plans, well organized, strong sense or moral obligation “this is right and this is wrong.” Good at persisting through difficult talks, stay on task, tend to think through possibilities before acting, therefore decision tends to be a better one.

-          Around 30 there’s a strong correlation between where you are at that point, and where you will be for the rest of your life.

-          As we get older: neuroticism, extroversion and openness decrease. Agreeableness and conscientiousness increase. 50% a respond to genetics and 50% is a result of our genetics.

-          Highly conscientious people are morning types. Evening types are more extroverted.

Emphasizes learning and reinforcement, punishment and the environment.

       B.F. Skinner: Did a strong reduction of the human person, reduced them to only what he could observe and see.

o   The way that you behave is a result of your environment, or the way you’ve been reinforced or punished.

o   Because your behavior is strongly influenced by environmental circumstances, when put in a different environment you are expected to act differently.

o   Behavior focus a lot on the present. Not a lot of control, or free will.

Looks at our behavior and environment, but also looks at cognitive and social factors that are important in understanding personality. Social Cognitive Theory recognizes your personal control and free will.

Bo Bo doll

1.       Our personality can be determined by those around us. People mirror the behavior of people around them.

a.       : how much control you think you have over your environment

-          High levels of this; have better health

-          [Cancer, those who think they can beat it are more likely to live].

-          If you can maintain control, it is a positive thing.

-          If you cannot maintain it for extended period of time and can only maintain it for a short time it has longer negative effects.

a.       : Postponing a small gratification now, with the idea of having something greater to come.

1.       deals with your belief in your ability to carry out an activity.

-          We need to believe we can achieve something before we achieve it.

-          Predicts the likelihood someone will quit smoking, someone will lose weight, or exercise on a regular basis.

-          Believers, do it. Those who think they can’tà don’t do it.

1.       deals with your belief in your ability to carry out an activity.

-          We need to believe we can achieve something before we achieve it.

-          Predicts the likelihood someone will quit smoking, someone will lose weight, or exercise on a regular basis.

-          Believers, do it. Those who think they can’tà don’t do it.

-          approach situations feeling responsible for the consequences that happen to them. Tend to function well in life, are very well adjusted.

-          : things happen to them are outside their control “victims of the world.” More likely to just conform to the things around them, don’t question authority; don’t search for solutions to problems.

   Optimism: Seligman

-          Look at a difficult situation as the result of an external cause, an unstable cause; it will change. Instead of it being global there is a specific reason why it happened. Optimists have better health and live long, lower blood pressure, less likely to be depressed.

 Think that good things are more likely to happen to them than other people, and bad things are less likely to happen to them than others.

Ø  This is a good thing, this will lead to high self efficacy and we’ll be more likely to do things that will support the good things happening.

-          Client is presented with an ambiguous stimulus, something that is not completely clear and straight forward.

-          After being presented, they’re given the opportunity to project their own meaning onto the stimuli.

-          They will see things that will relate to their own feelings, motives, values.

-          Geared at getting to the unconscious, permits for a broad range of responses [not true/ false, or multiple choice] you can say anything you want

-          Client is usually unaware of what their answer means.

-          Tend not to be the best psychological tests.

Rorshach  inkblot test

TAT

incomplete sentences

draw a person test

draw a house test

graphology

szondi test

-          Client presented with a straight forward stimuli, [direct question]

-          Pretty good idea what the test or question is measuring

-          Very limited number of ways to respond to the stimuli

-          Much higher in validity

MMPI: Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory

     CPI: California Psychological Inventory

    Edwards Personnel Preference Schedule:

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

MBTI: