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| nature-nurture interaction |
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| theory that evolution has produced several distinct memory systems best illustrates... |
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| which could be considered valid ways to measure learning |
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| changes that are transient |
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| which changes in behavior are typically excluded from a formal definition of learning... |
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| changes due to maturation are excluded from the definition of learning because... |
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| is not observed until some time has passed between initial learning and demonstration of that learning |
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| latent learning occurs when a behavioral change... |
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| the conscious recollection to past experiences |
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Definition
| in the past, the term "memory" has been used in reference to.. |
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| a negatively accelerated curve |
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Definition
| when one learns very quickly at the start of a training period, but the amount of learning slows down during later trials, what type of learning curve is produced? |
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| is sometimes conducted without knowing its application |
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| some procedures can be used with animals, but no humans, for ethical reasons |
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| animals are used as subjects in learning experiments because.. |
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| a decrease in responding to a stimulus is referred to as: |
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| an improvement in memory that occurs with related attempts to retrieve previously encoded material |
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| a relatively learning change in behavior, or behavioral repertoire, that occurs as a result of an experience |
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| learning as occurring in a constant manner across trials, with straight lines, not curves, representing the progress of a learning period |
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| seeks to understand the fundamental processes of learning and memory, and involves questions that are not always directly applicable outside of the lab |
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| relevant to answering specific, practical, problems |
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| focuses on how learning and memory ability can aid in one's survival |
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| emphasizes the relationship between observable behaviors, the antecedent conditions that precede them, and the consequences that follow them |
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| takes a computer-based perspective toward the study of learning, arguing that internal representations are used to guide behavior |
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| the novelty recognition task is particularly useful for testing the degree ____ that develops in a organism during the course of exposure to a stimulus |
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| neuropsychological approach |
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Definition
| seeks to determine the underlying biological bases of learning and memory |
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Term
| operant conditioning illustrated how voluntar behavior could be modified via reinforcement |
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Definition
| classical conditioning was replaced by operant conditioning because... |
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| susan wants to use classical conditioning to teach her cat to come to her whenever she calls him. in this case, susan's voice would be the... |
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Term
| conditioned taste aversion |
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Definition
| which methods of classical conditioning is focused on the survival value of conditioned associations? |
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Definition
| in a classical conditioning experiment, an experimenter declares a flash of light to be the CS, an electric shock as the US, and a fear reaction as the UR. the acquisition phase of this experiment would involve presenting.... |
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| a dog is trained to salivate in the presence of a blue light, but not in the presence of a green light. what has occurred? |
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Definition
| which of the following is most likely to lead to the strongest Conditioned Responses? |
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Term
| the learning of the association between the CS and US will be inhibited |
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Definition
| an experimenter wants to test the level of Pavlovian conditioning that can be obtained via pairing a tone (the CS) with an electric shock (the US). if, before beginning the actual CS-US pairings, the experimenter presents the tone by itself for several trials, what is likely to occur later during the actual CS-US pairings? |
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Term
| blocking deals with prior exposure, overshadowing deals with stimulus intensity |
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Definition
| a critical difference between blocking and overshadowing is that... |
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| a dog becomes fearful of newspapers as a result of its owner hitting it with a paper every day at 4pm |
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Definition
| which of the following scenarios best illustrates the nature of phobia acquisition described by watson and raynor? |
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Definition
| elicited when a novel of unexpected stimulus is presented to an organism |
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| the decrease in OR's to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented |
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| argues that type H neurons are responsible for regulating habituation, while type S neurons mediate sensitization |
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Definition
| the idea that a sensory input is compared to one's existing memory, and if a match is found, habituation occurs; no math results in sensitization, or an orienting response |
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Definition
| one's internal representation of a stimulus serves as a predictor for what will happen in the future |
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| suggests that we can learn more about a stimulus when it is easily perceived |
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| activating the necessary perceptual and identification processes, involved in info processing, before they are actually needed |
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Definition
| after habituating his animal to a visual stimulus, Dr. Stillman presents a novel tone to his subjects. following the presentation of the tone, the animals are again shown the initial visual stimulus, but they no longer habituate to this event? what has happened? |
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Definition
| habituation can occur as a result of visual receptors losing their sensitivity to detect changes in one's visual environment... |
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Term
| they only have a few neurons, which are relatively large in size |
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Definition
| aplysia have been used to study the physiological properties of learning because |
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Term
| a memory of an event has been acquired |
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Definition
| from a cognitive perspective, habituation occurs when... |
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Definition
| samantha is attempting to measure permanent habituation in her rats. the memories that will have be retrieved in order for samantha to have any useful data will have to come from her subjects... |
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Term
| preexposure to stimuli facilitates later learning |
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Definition
| Gibson & Walk's classic perceptual learning experiment found that... |
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Definition
| presentation of two or more events in an experimentally determined temporal relationship |
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Definition
| if the CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the production of the CR gradually decreases |
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Definition
| when the CS following the US during training, much less conditioning occurs |
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Definition
| repeatedly presenting the CS alone before forming its association with the US impairs subsequent conditioning of the CS |
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Definition
| simply increasing one's exposure to a novel stimulus will increase its rated pleasantless |
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Definition
| pairing an affectively neutral stimulus with another stimulus that already evokes a particular affective reaction |
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Definition
| involves the occurrence of a CR in the presence of stimuli that are similar, but not identical, to the CS |
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Definition
| involves learning which stimuli are paired together to produce significant results |
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Definition
| the idea that the presentation of the CS and US must be close in time to one another |
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Definition
| the onset of the CS precedes the onset of the US |
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Term
| learning occurs in a mechanistic manner |
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Definition
| thorndike's puzzle-box research showed that... |
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Definition
| mike never knows when he is going to get his allowance. he gets paid every week, but sometimes it comes 10 days after the previous, and sometimes only 4 days separate his allowance, while some come regular. the type of schedule is... |
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Definition
| the capacity to inhibit immediate gratification in preference for a larger reward in the long run is central to... |
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| increase the frequency of the operant response |
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Definition
| skinner, concerning reinforcement, made the argument that reinforcers... |
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Term
| control their internal state |
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Definition
| biofeedback tries to teach subjects how to.. |
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Term
| when a child behaves poorly, he/she is taken out |
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Definition
| mr. smith is using candy as a positive reinforcer to train his kindergarten class to behave. which scenario uses omission to accomplish mr. smith's goals? |
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Definition
| which tends to make extinction difficult to achieve? |
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| which of the following could occur within a participant during punishment training |
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