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Psychology of Emotions
PSYC18 Midterm testbanks and lectures + textbook notes for 1,2
227
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
06/15/2017
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Term
According to Darwin (1872) an emotional expression that uses the blood vessels expresses which one of the following emotions?
 Definition
Shame
Term
According to Charles Darwin (1872) fear is expressed by way of changes in which of the following bodily systems?
 Definition
The Dermal Apparatus
The Somatic Muscles
Term
Charles Darwin asked two broad questions that still guide emotion researchers today. These questions included:
 Definition
How are emotions expressed in humans and other animals?
Term
The physiological approach to emotions is associated with which one of the following scholars?
 Definition
William James
Term
According to William James, the core of an emotion is
 Definition
a. the pattern of bodily responses associated with an experience.
b. the changes within one’s autonomic nervous system
c. the changes in how one’s muscles and joints move.
Term
The psychotherapeutic approach assumes which of the following to be true?
 Definition
The emotional life of adulthood derives from relationships we had in childhood with parents or other caregivers.
Term
According to Aristotle, tragic drama impacts people in important ways. Notably, when people are at the theater they:
 Definition
sympathize with the main character.
Term
One could say the Epicureans and Stoics were the first emotion researchers in the West. The Epicureans taught that one should:
 Definition
live simply and enjoy simple pleasures.
Term
One could say the Epicureans and Stoics were the first emotion researchers in the West. The Stoics taught that one should:
 Definition
extirpate almost all desires from one’s life.
Term
The philosophical approach to emotions is associated with which one of the following scholars?
 Definition
René Descartes
Term
Which fundamental emotions occur in the soul according to René Descartes?
 Definition
wonder, desire, joy, love, hatred, and sadness
Term
Greek doctors such as Hippocrates and Galen thought that disease was caused by an imbalance
among the humors, with an increase of each humor giving rise to a distinct emotional state. Placidity was thought to derive from an excess of:
 Definition
phlegm
Term
Greek doctors such as Hippocrates and Galen thought that disease was caused by an imbalance
among the humors, with an increase of each humor giving rise to a distinct emotional state. Hope and vigor were thought to derive from an excess of:
 Definition
blood
Term
According to George Eliot, literary art is important to the emotions because novels encourage readers to:
 Definition
extend “sympathies” to people outside of their usual circle of friends and acquaintances
Term
Tania Singer and her collaborators (2004) assessed brain activity while volunteers experienced a
painful electric shock and compared it to that elicited when they observed a signal indicating that their
loved one – present in the same room – was receiving a similar shock. Singer et al. found that when a
participant felt pain ____________ whereas when a participant was signaled that their loved one experienced pain ____________.
 Definition
their somato-sensory cortex and parts of their anterior cingulate cortex were activated; parts of their anterior cingulate cortex were activated.
Term
The opposite of empathy is:
 Definition
schadenfreude
Term
In the 1970s and 1980s Alice Isen studied how happiness influences people’s perception of the
world. Based on findings from numerous studies, Isen concluded that happiness impacts cognition in which one of the following ways?
 Definition
Feeling happy encourages people to be less critical about consumer goods.
Term
For understanding emotions, sociologist Erving Goffman’s most instructive work is perhaps the essay “Fun in games”. In this essay Goffman contends that happiness emerges when people:
 Definition
are fully engaged in what they are doing.
Term
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild observed how “feeling rules” were instructed to Delta Airlines cabin staff as part of their training regimen. The “feeling rules” associated with this occupation:
 Definition
a. aimed to produce staff who could play a particular emotional role.
b. aimed to encourage a particular emotional tone in passengers.
c. were ingrained by asking staff to practice particular expressions and recall memories to aid performances.
Term
The term ______ refers to a state that typically lasts for hours, days, or weeks, sometimes as a low intensity background.
 Definition
mood
Term
Charles Darwin described evolution in terms of all but which one of the following processes?
 Definition
Adaptation
Term
According to Charles Darwin, selection refers to the fact that:
 Definition
characteristics that allow better adaptation to the environment are selected because they enable survival, and hence are passed on.
Term
Many systems such as our preferences for sweet foods and aversion to bitter foods developed in response to:
 Definition
selection pressures
Term
Stags lock horns and engage in battles that are at times violent to find who is dominant and who therefore has access to mates. This is an example of:
 Definition
intrasexual competition
Term
Which one of the following is an adaptation that has evolved to help humans find a fertile mate?
 Definition
A preference for a mate with a youthful appearance.
Term
Which one of the following is an adaptation that has evolved to help humans find a healthy mate?
 Definition
The perception that facial symmetry is beautiful.
Term
Which one of the following behaviors illustrates an exaptation?
 Definition
A brief raising of the eyebrows, lasting a fraction of a second, when people approach one another during greeting.
Term
Working from the assumption that genes need the body of a plant or animal to contain them and enable them to reproduce, emotions play what role in animals?
 Definition
Emotions help to ensure that genes will be protected and reproduced.
Term
Attachment is:
 Definition
a. a human form of imprinting.
b. a social motivation.
c. an adaptation that has been selected for during evolution
Term
Assertion is:
 Definition
associated with the social emotion of shame when one’s social status is diminished.
Term
Affiliation is:
 Definition
what inspires warmth and affection in human relationships.
Term
Which of the following is true about pair-bonding?
 Definition
A pair-bonded male and female maintain a lasting sexual interest in each other.
Term
The loss or absence of an attachment figure inspires
 Definition
anxiety
Term
According to the textbook’s authors, our biggest handicap as a social species is the fact that:
 Definition
we feel emotions like contempt and social disgust.
Term
High-status male chimpanzees
 Definition
spend a good part of their time breaking up the conflicts of lower-status chimps.
Term
The making of tools, the making of fire to prepare food, the use of language, and the making of art are human universals (Brown, 1991) that are similar because they:
 Definition
a. are innovations that distinguish humans from other living primates.
b. are social.
c. have emotional aspects.
Term
Robin Dunbar argues that conversational language emerged in human beings because
 Definition
Human groups became too large for grooming to be a practical way of maintaining social bonds; therefore, conversation developed as a necessary replacement for grooming.
Term
The varying environments of evolutionary adaptedness were primarily defined by their:
 Definition
social characteristics
Term
Feeling interested and surprised when we find ourselves exploring a novel environment is linked with which of the following motivations?
 Definition
non-social goals
Term
Feeling jealous when we find ourselves threatened by an interloper is linked with which of the following motivations?
 Definition
attachment
Term
According to studies about flirting completed by Givens (1983) and Perper (1985), the more that potential partners _______________________, the more likely they are to take the next step in the romantic encounter.
 Definition
mimic each other’s emotional expressions
Term
An emblem is:
 Definition
a nonverbal gesture that directly translates into words.
Term
The act of raising one’s eyebrows when articulating the most important point in a phrase is an example of a(n):
 Definition
illustrator
Term
A self-adaptor is:
 Definition
a behavior that lacks seeming intentions, and which may occur merely to release nervous energy.
Term
The following characteristic differentiates emotional expressions from other non-emotional,
nonverbal behaviors
 Definition
Facial expressions of emotion involve involuntary muscle actions that people cannot suppress
Term
According to Charles Darwin emotional expressions can be explained by way of three principles, including the principle of antithesis which holds that:
 Definition
opposing emotional states will be associated with opposing emotional expressions
Term
The decoding hypothesis implies that:
 Definition
people of different cultures will interpret a smile in the same way.
Term
The encoding hypothesis implies that:
 Definition
feeling happiness inspires smiling in every culture.
Term
In a study of the Fore, Ekman and Friesen (1971) devised emotionally themed stories and asked
participants to match each story to one of three facial expressions of emotion. The results from this study:
 Definition
provided evidence to suggest that there are 6 universal emotions
Term
The fact that most of the research on recognition of facial expressions has used static pictures is at the core of the ______________ critique of studies of universal facial expressions.
 Definition
ecological validity
Term
Human embarrassment displays resemble the appeasement displays of other species in which of the following ways?
 Definition
Gaze aversion occurs.
b. Head movements that reduce the size of one’s body relative to another individual are common.
c. Face touching is a characteristic behavior.
Term
Tracy and Matsumoto (2008) analyzed the emotional expressions of sighted and blind Olympic
athletes from 20 different countries just after they had either won or lost a judo competition. Their results showed that:
 Definition
after loss, both groups of athletes dropped their heads and slumped their shoulders in similar displays of shame.
Term
In a series of studies, Nancy Eisenberg and her colleagues carefully coded the facial actions of people witnessing someone suffer (Eisenberg et al., 1989). They found that the experience of sympathy is correlated with:
 Definition
increased helping behavior
Term
Given two best friends, it has been found that such friends are likely to engage in antiphonal laughter which:
 Definition
occurs in unison, such that there is an overlap in the friends’ bouts of laughter.
Term
How might emotional states alter vocalization patterns? Klaus Scherer has argued that emotionrelated physiological changes alter:
 Definition
a. the variability in pitch of one’s speech.
b. the tempo or speed with which one speaks.
c. how softly or loudly one speaks.
Term
In a review of 60 studies assessing the recognition of voiced emotions cross-culturally, Juslin and Laukka (2003) concluded that hearers can judge five different emotions in the voice, including _________________ with accuracy rates approaching 70%, and that judgments are ________________.
 Definition
anger, fear, happiness, sadness and tenderness; best when hearers listen to members of their own culture.
Term
A vocal burst is a(n) ________ and it is ________ to communicate emotions
 Definition
brief, non-word utterance that arises between speech incidents; sufficient
Term
Vervet monkeys have three main predators – the eagle, the snake and the leopard. If a vervet monkey sees a predator, he or she emits:
 Definition
a specific alarm call that signals to other vervet monkeys the type of predator that has been spotted.
Term
Studies of nonhuman primate grooming and human touch reveal that a key function of tactile contact includes all but which one of the following?
 Definition
control subordinates.
Term
Emotional expressions serve an incentive function that facilitates the coordination of social interactions by:
 Definition
rewarding desirable social behaviors.
Term
Restorative processes are driven by the _______________ branch of the autonomic nervous system and include __________________.
 Definition
parasympathetic; the directing of inner resources to digestion.
Term
The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system:
 Definition
increases heart rate and cardiac output.
b. is involved in emotional responses that involve goosebumps.
c. reduces the activity of natural killer cells, which are involved in immune responses.
Term
Which of the following is a method that psychologists use to measure the activity of the autonomic nervous system?
 Definition
To capture activation in the vagus nerve, the relationship between respiration and heart-rate cycles is assessed.
Term
Evidence that supports William James’s claim regarding autonomic specificity and emotion includes all but which one of the following?
 Definition
The same pattern of physiological arousal is present organisms that are encountering a threat and those receiving a reward.
Term
Cannon criticized James’s autonomic specificity on the following grounds
 Definition
Autonomic responses are too slow to account for the rapidity with which we experience emotion or move from one emotion to another.
Term
The two factors in Schachter and Singer’s (1962) two-factor theory are:
 Definition
arousal and construal
Term
Levenson and colleagues employed a directed facial action task to study how autonomic activity corresponds with various facial expressions. Their results challenged:
 Definition
Cannon’s critique of autonomic specificity
Term
Results from studies employing Levenson and colleagues’s directed facial action task reveal
 Definition
Finger temperature was greater for anger than fear.
Term
Mark Leary and colleagues (1992) carefully analyzed situations that produce the blush. They discerned specific elicitors of the blush and proposed a specific cause:
 Definition
negative self-focused attention.
Term
One branch of the neuroendocrine system particularly relevant to emotion is the hypothalamicpituitary-
adrenal (HPA) axis, whose activation results in the release of the stress-related hormone
________ into the bloodstream.
 Definition
cortisol
Term
Sally Dickerson and her colleagues (2004, 2009) asked participants to deliver a speech about why they would be the perfect applicant for a job in a condition of high social evaluative threat. They reported that increased social evaluative threat was associated with increases in the activity of the __________ system:
 Definition
a. immune
b. cytokine
Term
Based on comparison of the autonomic nervous systems of different species, Steven Porges (1995, 1998) has made a case for three stages in the evolution of the autonomic nervous system. A first stage produced the _________ which is present in _________.
 Definition
dorsal vagal complex; all species.
Term
Based on comparison of the autonomic nervous systems of different species, Steven Porges (1995, 1998) has made a case for three stages in the evolution of the autonomic nervous system. According to Porges, the last portion to evolve was the _____________ and it is this system that allows the actions necessary for _____________.
 Definition
ventral vagal complex; positive emotions
Term
Kok and Fredrickson (2010) assessed people’s vagal tone at the beginning and end of a nine-week study, and in between these two assessments they had participants report on their daily experience of positive emotions and the strength of their social connections. The key finding from this study was that:
 Definition
a. People with elevated vagal tone at the beginning of the study show greater increases over time in
social connectedness and positive emotion.
b. Increases in social connections over the nine weeks led to rises in vagal tone at the end of the study.
c. Increases in positive emotion over the nine weeks led to rises in vagal tone at the end of the study.
Term
Studies of individuals with spinal injuries completed by Bermond et al. (1991) and Cobos et al. (2002) indicate what about emotional experience given individuals’ reduced bodily input?
 Definition
b. Participants reported no significant decreases in the intensity of their experiences of fear, anger, grief,
sentimentality and joyfulness, post-injury.
c. In some cases participants reported an increase in the intensity of emotional experiences, post-injury.
Term
Davis, Kevin Ochsner, and their colleagues (Davis et al., 2010) had middle-aged women view emotionally evocative film clips before and after a botox treatment and report on their positive and negative emotional responses to the clips. Their findings led them to conclude that a reduction in facial muscle movements:
 Definition
b. diminishes emotional responses to mildly positive clips.
c. does not diminish emotional responses to intensely positive and intensely negative clips.
Term
Paula Niedenthal (2007) offered an important line of theorizing on what is called embodiment and conducted studies in which participants were asked to match words (e.g., vomit, sun, fight) with emotion categories (e.g., “disgust” “anger” “joy”). Categorizing words related to anger led to activation of the ________ muscle(s):
 Definition
corrugator
Term
Paula Niedenthal (2007) offered an important line of theorizing on what is called embodiment and conducted studies in which participants were asked to match words (e.g., vomit, sun, fight) with emotion categories (e.g., “disgust” “anger” “joy”). Categorizing words related to joy led to activation of the ________ muscle(s):
 Definition
a. zygomaticus
b. orbicularis
Term
Damasio (1994) proposed the somatic marker hypothesis, a thesis that is supported by which of the following reported findings related to patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?
 Definition
c. These patients possess an emotional deficit such that they are relatively unresponsive to emotional stimuli.
Term
Giacomo Rizzolatti and colleagues (1996) reported that mirror neurons located in the ____________ of monkeys’ brains fire when _______________.
 Definition
pre-motor cortex; an intended action by another monkey was observed or the same action was carried out by the monkey itself.
Term
A split brain operation severs the
 Definition
corpus callosum
Term
Primary appraisal is
 Definition
a. a form of evaluation in which events are assigned value in terms of an individual’s concerns.
b. automatic.
Term
Secondary appraisal is:
 Definition
a. a form of evaluation in which events are assigned value in terms of an individual’s concerns
c. linguistic in that emotions are described in words.
Term
The Stoic, Chrysippus, described second movements of emotion which are assumed to be:
 Definition
cognitive and avoidable.
Term
Russell (2003) says that the heart of any emotion is:
 Definition
a. feeling good or bad
b. feeling enervated or excited.
c. core affect.
Term
When participants were presented with photographs of people smiling or displaying facial anger for a suboptimal length of time (i.e., 4 msec) they were
 Definition
more likely to be biased by subliminal priming when evaluating the facial expression than if the facial expression had been presented for an optimal length of time (i.e., 1 sec).
Term
Research on primary appraisals of good and bad qualities of an event raises an intriguing question: which is stronger, good or bad? Reviews by Cacioppo and Gardner (1999), Baumeister et al. (2001) and Rozin and Royzman (2001) offer the following answer:
 Definition
negative evaluations are more potent than positive evaluations.
Term
Lazarus (1991) and Oatley and Johnson-Laird (1987, 2011) assume that appraisals give rise to distinct emotions. In so doing they are taking a ____________ approach to emotions.
 Definition
discrete
Term
Phoebe Ellsworth and Craig Smith (1985, 1988) developed a theory of appraisal that can account for interesting similarities among emotions. In so doing they are taking a ____________ approach to emotions
 Definition
dimensional
Term
According to the decision tree of appraisals associated with Lazarus’s approach to emotions, the second feature that may be appraised is:
 Definition
goal congruence.
Term
According to the decision tree of appraisals associated with Lazarus’s approach to emotions, negative emotions may occur if an event is:
 Definition
a. relevant to our goals.
b. incongruent with our goals.
c. likely to lead to a loss of self.
Term
As described by Lazarus (1991), the core relational theme associated with anxiety is:
 Definition
facing an uncertain, existential threat.
Term
All but which one of the following is a feature of appraisal, as proposed by Smith and Ellsworth (1985)?
 Definition
potency
Term
The emotion evoked by a situation can depend on perceived agency. An external attribution where events are seen to arise as a consequence of other people’s actions can lead to feelings of _______ when the event is negative and ______ when the event is positive.
 Definition
anger; gratitude.
Term
The triggers for some kinds of emotions have been found to vary widely across different cultures; however there are also substantial similarities. Comparisons of an American and Indian sample by Roseman et al. (1995) showed that appraisals of powerlessness:
 Definition
b. are more likely to trigger sadness than anger, regardless of culture.
c. are more likely to trigger fear than anger, regardless of culture.
Term
The third phase of appraisal is:
 Definition
social sharing.
Term
Some people have a condition called alexithymia which means that they:
 Definition
have problems putting into words how they feel
Term
The prototype perspective about emotion knowledge assumes that:
 Definition
for each emotion there is a prototypical set of causes, feelings, expressions, thoughts and actions.
Term
Emotions or moods that occur without any relation to external events are said to be:
 Definition
free-floating.
Term
- Ancient China has a theory that talks about the 7 emotions from the 5-3rd centure BCE, and they believed it stemmed from
 Definition
○ QI = surge, swash
○ Execessive emotions disrupt qi and impair internal organs
§ i.e. excessive anger causes qi to move upwards, impairs liver, causes headaches, while excessive joy relaxes qi, impairs the heart and results in weakness
○ Emotions are thought to be passive therefore they need to be controlled
§ They happen to you, not through you
Term
Ancient Mesopotamia & Egypt
 Definition
○ Emotion was not expressed on the faces of egyptian art
§ Probably deemed socially inappropriate to show emotions
□ Especially from the upper class
Showed through other means such as posture
Term
Hippocrates
 Definition
the first to talk about emotions scientifically
○ First physiological account of emotions
§ Emphasis on the brain instead of heart
§ Everyone else thought the brain was useless
Term
Hippocrates believed that the brain was powered by the four humours
 Definition
§ Blood
§ Phlegm
§ Yellow Bile
§ Black bile
Term
Phlegmatic
 Definition
□ Chilled out
□ Lazy
Term
Chloric
 Definition
□ Aggressive or anger problem
Term
Melancholic
 Definition
□ Depressive
□ Anxious
Term
Ancient Greece's
Plato (429-347 BCE)
 Definition
Tripartite soul - thought the soul had three parts
□ Often described by a chariot
§ Logical
□ Emotions are in harmony when this part is in control
§ Appetitive
□ Had an emotional component
§ Spirited
□ Had an emotional component
○ Mind was the spiritual thing, and the body is very corporal
Term
Ancient Greece's
Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
 Definition
§ Pathos (Passions) = passive, not virtuous nor vicious
§ Our state (disposition, reasoning) is important in shaping the pathos)
§ Therefore context of the emotion is important
§ Intellectual virtue
□ Taught and rule based
□ Etiquette
□ No emotions
§ Moral virtue
Term
Moral Virtue of Aristotle
 Definition
□ Result of habit and action
□ Cultivation of appropriate emotional responses
® Doctorate of the mean
◊ Appropriate response in the appropriate situation in a mean or average of emotion
◊ If you respond properly in the right social setting enough, you'll have that as a constant actual response
Term
○ Epicureanism vs. Stoicism
 Definition
§ Emerges in 300 BCE
§ Free will idealism
§ Ideas of self control vs emotion reappear
§ Emotional regulation is necessary for "good life"
§ Both into self control, but one school is more extreme than the other
Term
Stoic
 Definition
□ Uncaring
□ "So what?"
□ Do not desire anything
□ Virtue = self-control
□ "apatheia" - stoic or emotionless state of mind
□ Suppression of emotional responses
® Worst emotional regulation strategy possible
Term
§ Epicureanism
 Definition
□ Do not desire more than what is needed
□ You don't have to go after excess things
□ Pursuit of simple pleasures
□ "ataraxia" - freedom from fear and pain
□ Prevention from feeling negative state of distress and worrying by sticking to the simple things in life
Term
neoplatonism
 Definition
○ St Augustine (354-430 CE)
§ Allows for the existence of abstract objects
§ Rational mind = soul
§ Sensory experiences = bad
○ Infleunces into the dark ages
§ Evagrius Ponticus (354-399 AD)
□ 8 evil thoughts
® Influence Pope Gregory (6th centure AD)
◊ Created the 7 deadly sins
} Gluttony, lust, avarice, envy, anger, sloth, pride
◊ This led to church exerting emotional control over masses
Term
○ Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
 Definition
§ Bidirectional mind/body dualism
□ The corporeal body and the etheral soul
□ Body can influence the soul (mind) too
§ Body manifestations of emotions can be important for the soul (i.e. increased heartbeat)
§ Talks about passions and intellectual emotions
□ Passions
® Instinctual
® Mobilize body to act
□ Intellectual emotions
® Ruminative
® Gives us self-insight about our goals, identities, etc.
® God-focussed
Term
Dualism
 Definition
□ Passions -> pineal gland -> thoughts in soul
® Raw instinctive emotions go through pineal gland would go through the soul
◊ i.e. kissing someone making you fall in love with them
□ Thoughts in soul -> pineal gland -> bodily movements
® Guilt of sin in the soul going through the pineal gland to the bodily movement to go to church
□ Body mobilized via passions without conscious awareness
Term
- David Hume (1711-1776)
 Definition
○ Emotions as motivation
§ "without emotions we would lack all impulse to act or to reason
○ Direct passions
§ Desire, aversion, hope, grief, fear, joy
○ Indirect passions (more complex)
§ Pride, humility, love, hatred
§ Takes more deliberation and processing to exist
○ Pain v. pleasure (our environment) -> passions -> Intentional behavior
§ Passions are mandatory to have intentional behavior
§ If you don't have an emotional response, then it is not rational for you to do something moral
Term
- Charles Darwin (1808-1882)
 Definition
○ In the past, emotions have functions in our survival
○ Many adult expressed emotions stem from infancy
§ Such as crying or affection
○ Serve a more social purpose now
Term
- William James (1842-1910)
 Definition
○ Emphasized on the bodily manifestations of emotion
○ Without a bodily response, we wouldn't have emotions
○ Is fear still fear without an increased heartbeat, flushed face, and sweating palms?"
Perception -> bodily change -> emotion
Term
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
 Definition
○ Structural model of the psyche
§ ID (animalistic desires)
§ Superego (moral compass)
§ Ego (Mediator)
Term
- 3 components of emotional experience:
 Definition
1. Physiological
2. Experiential
3. Behavioral
Term
- What functions do emotions serve?
 Definition
○ Information
§ Emotions provide us with information about situations
§ Tools to express to others what we need
○ Motivation
§ Emotions as mobilize us to act to ensure survival
□ Changes our processing to allow us to focus on things that are important to survival, like seeing a snake and finding a path around it
Term
- Affective experiences
 Definition
○ Anything that involves emotions can belong here
Term
Moods
 Definition
○ Long lasting emotional backdrops where emotions can be superimposed
○ Can be unconscious
○ Can be in a mood in a week without realizing it
○ Not as intense as emotions
Term
Emotions
 Definition
○ Full blown emotional experience
○ Conscious
Term
- Feelings
 Definition
○ One aspect of emotional experience
○ Individual measure of emotional experience
○ Subtle changes in physiogical changes
○ Brain activations or heart rate
Term
Charles Darwin was influenced by
 Definition
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Charles Lyell
Thomas Malthus
Term
○ Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
 Definition
§ Naturalist
§ Adaptation to environment causing an inheritance of phenotype
§ Animals with those favorable traits are more likely to survive
Thought that favorable traits can be developed over a lifetime
Term
Charles Lyell
 Definition
§ Geologist
§ Theory of uniformitarianism
□ Earth is shaped by forces that are ever evolving and are still in action today
□ Constantly changing forces
Term
Thomas Malthus
 Definition
§ Economist
§ Population growth is kept in check by various vices to keep it from being under or overpopulated by things like hunger
§ Those that can't survive these vices, will eventually die out
Term
Natural selection has two factors
 Definition
§ Genetic variation
□ Genotype leads to the phenotype
□ Phenotype is the physical manifestation of the genotype
§ Selection pressures
□ Environmental factors that favour certain genes
□ These certain genes allow the species to survive better than other species
Term
Goal of natural selection is
 Definition
Passing on the genetic code from one generation to the next
Term
Goal of natural selection is achieved by emotions whic help
 Definition
□ Survival
□ Reproduction
□ Childcare
Term
○ Ovulatory shift hypothesis
 Definition
§ Female behaviours changes as a function of fertility
□ During ovulation, women:
◊ More flirtatious
◊ Try to look more attractive
◊ Higher pitched voices
◊ Find facial scars more attractive
◊ Prefer dominant men
◊ Prefer deeper voice
® Works only for short term mating
® Usually these guys make terrible fathers and don't stick around much
Term
Men have a preference for
 Definition
§ Bigger waist to hip ratio
§ Youthful skin = representing health
§ More focus on physical appearance
Term
○ Features that attract us to children promote care
 Definition
§ Big eyes
§ Soft skin
§ Large forehead
§ Small chin
Term
Darwin's study of emotional expressions has 3 principles
 Definition
1. Serviceable associated habits
§ actions that have been useful under a certain state of mind will continue to be performed when that same state of mind reoccurs, even if of no use.
2. AntiThesis
i. Some expressions merely signal opposites of other expressions
3. Expressive habits
i. Caused by overabundance of energy in nervous system lead by a discharge of energy
Term
Critiques of Darwin
 Definition
○ Implies that emotions are hereditary, basic or natural kinds
○ Continued debate on
§ Basic emotional
□ Emotions are inherited
§ Constructionist
□ Emotions are created by the social environment and era
○ Post hoc explanations for phenomenon
§ We don't know why our eyes actually widen in things like surprise
Term
- Neural cues to evolutionary emotion
 Definition
○ Brain is divided into subcortical region and cortex
§ Subcortical regions are in all animals
□ These carry basic instinctual emotion, or approach/avoid tendencies
§ Cortex
□ Only in humans and large vertebrates
Complex, social emotions and regulations
Term
Jaak Panksepp's basic emotions
 Definition
§ Seeking
§ Fear
§ Rage
§ Lust
§ Care
§ Panic
§ Play
○ Present in primates
○ Can be produced with subcortical stimulation
○ Motivate basic drives to approach/avoid
More complex emotions involve cognitive appraisals of these states
Term
- Paul Ekman's theory of basic emotions
 Definition
Anger
Pushes us to asset ourselves when we have been slighted
Helps to deter future transgressions
Disgust
Avoidance of pathogens
Triggers include
Foods, corpses, bodily fluids, extreme piercings, taboo sexual acts
Moral issues
Only one other animals don't express, therefore may not be biologically engrained, but babies seem to be able to express it
Fear
Innate fears
Children can be afraid of water during their first encounter with it
Heights
Happiness
Drives procreation (at least in humans)
Motivates mothers to take care of babies
Sadness
Negative affect as a signal for change
Helps to deal with situations of loss (i.e., death of a friend or partner)
Surprise
Directs our attention and energy to unexpected events and help us respond effectively
○ Emotions are natural kinds, and their accompanied expressions are evolutionarily passed down, so someone in North America would have the same expressions as some guy in Australia
Term
Puzzle of cooperation
 Definition
○ Humans need to cooperate to survive
○ Our emotions may have evolved to promote cooperative behavior
Term
People are more cooperative when
 Definition
they don't have time to think about it, implying that impulse is to act pro-socially
Term
Which of the following serves as an example of focalism?
 Definition
Which of the following serves as an example of focalism?
Term
In the Chapman et al (2009) study about fairness and disgust, researchers found that:
 Definition
a. Participants displayed a prototypical disgust face expression when they received unfair offers in the Ultimatum Game
Term
Schacter & Wheeler (1962) tested the effect that epinephrine and chlorpromazine have on emotional responses to funny films. What conclusions can we draw from the results of their study?
 Definition
b. That artificial induction of physiological states may alter emotional expression, but not perceptions of funniness
Term
In the Chapman et al (2009) study about fairness and disgust, researchers found that
 Definition
a. Participants displayed a prototypical disgust face expression when they received unfair offers in the Ultimatum Game

c. Participants’ likelihood to reject unfair offers was correlated with the degree to which they displayed a disgust face
Term
What does it mean for an emotional expression to serve as an “intention movement”?
 Definition
It means that the expression of a certain emotion suggests what actions might follow the emotional expression
Term
• Ancient China
 Definition
o Chi = surge of emotion in body, swash
 Happiness, anger, sadness, worry, fear, anxiety, terror
o Influenced by things such as tai chi, meditation
o Excessive emotions also disrupt chi and impairs internal organs
 Too much anger causes chi to move upwards to impair liver, headache
 Too much joy relaxes chi, impairs heart and results in weakness
o Centered around idea of balancing emotions, objective standpoint
 Emotions are passive; happens on its own and must control to not let it take over
Term
Ancient Mesopotamia & Egypt
 Definition
o Little to no facial expression in art (blank faces but movement)
 Maybe artists couldn’t portray emotion on face?
 But can portray it on animals (lion)
o Not deemed socially appropriate to portray emotion in the past
 Especially people in the higher social standings (upper class)
o Express it in other means; other physical actions, stance, arms/legs/body
Term
Charles Darwin
 Definition
emotions have a function in survival
o Emotional expression derived from habits of our past
 Based on reflex-like mechanisms and occur whether if useful or not
o Emotions link us to past of infancy and of our species
 Facial expressions are universal
Term
• William James
 Definition
emotion is the perception of changes of our body
o Nature of emotional experiences; emotions move us bodily (tremble, heartrate, etc)
 Core of emotion is the pattern of such bodily responses
o Experience of emotions involves changes of our ANS and muscles/joints
 See bear, sweat and increased HR leads to feeling of fear
o Emotions give “colour and warmth” to experience
 How emotions affect our perceptions
Term
• Sigmund Freud
 Definition
certain events are damaging and leave motional scars that shape lives
o Emotions are usually the core of many mental illnesses
o Emotional life of adulthood derives from relationships we had in childhood
o ID (animalistic desire), superego (moral compass)< ego (mediator)
Term
• Aristotle
 Definition
emotions depend on what we believe
o Emotional experiences shaped by judgments and evaluations
 Different judgments give rise to different emotions
o Tragic drama moves people emotionally to feel sympathy/pity
 Catharsis: clarification of obstacles to understanding of them
 See drama and learn the consequences of human action
o Pathos = passions that are not virtuous nor vicious (bad or good)
o Intellectual virtues are taught and rule based
 Etiquette (no emotional response to cultivate this)
o Moral virtues are result of habit and action
Term
• Plato
 Definition
tripartite soul
o Soul needed 2 parts due to overriding desires
 Logical: decides what is true, false; makes decisions
 Appetitive: carnal instincts, primal impulses (huger lust)
 Spirited: energized, mediator of logical and appetitive
o Appetitive and spirited parts are what emotions were
 Ideal is when logical soul is in control
Term
o Free will idealism
 Definition
people in charge of own emotions, self-control vs emotions
Term
• Epicureanism
 Definition
- devoted to pursuit of happiness
o Should live in simple way and enjoy simple pleasures (food, friendship)
o To not chase other desires as they lead to painful emotions (ataraxia)
 Freedom from anger, greed, envy, fearm pain
Term
• Stoicism
 Definition
– indifferent to pleasure or pain
o Emotions derive from desires, so no desires to free from harmful emotions
o Emotions damaging to self and society should be disciplined out
 The seven deadly sins
Term
• Rene Descartes
 Definition
– bidirectional mind/body dualism
o 6 fundamental emotions: wonder, desire, joy, love, hatred, sadness
 Occur in thinking aspect of ourselves (soul)
o Body influences the soul/mind, but soul can also influence body
 Function for emotion that is important for the soul
o Emotions from events in world and emotions that arise from events inside body
 Passive: instinctual, mobilizes body to act for survival (hunger, fear, disgust)
 Intellectual: ruminative, reflection emotions
o Body mobilized by passions without conscious awareness
 Passions influence pineal gland that produces thought in soul
• Pineal gland is mediator between brain and emotion
 Thoughts in soul influences pineal gland to produce bodily movement
• Self reflecting makes you go to church to repent
 tell us what is important in our souls in relation to our concerns and identities
o Emotions cannot be controlled entirely by thinking, but regulated by thoughts
o Emotions are usually functional but can be dysfunctional
Term
• David Hume
 Definition
emotions as motivation
o Without emotion, lack impulses to act or even reason
o Direct passions: desires, aversions, hope, grief, joy, fear, love
o Indirect passions: more complex; pride, humility, love, hatred
o Pain/pleasure causes passions that cause intentional behaviours
 Implications for moral responsibilities
 No passions = behaviour is unintentional

Positivist view on emotion
Term
• Hippocrates
 Definition
– diseases caused by imbalance among humors that produce emotions
o Without brain, wouldn’t have any emotion or guide in life
o Increase in each gives rise to a distinct emotional state
 Sanguine/blood: hope and vigor, leadership, social, life
 Phlegmatic/phlegm: placidity, lazy, chilled out
 Cholergic/yellow bile: anger, active, aggressiveness
 Melancholy/black bile: despair, anxiety, rigid
Term
• Characteristics of Emotion
 Definition
sever to help us engage adaptively with social environment
o Behavioural: express emotion via facial and vocal expressions
 Posture, gesture, touch
o Physiological: emotions involve brain activation and other body systems
o Experiential: conscious of emotion to represent experience of emotion in words
 Discuss emotions we have experienced with other people
Term
• How are emotions quantified?
 Definition
o Valence vs arousal dimensions
 Valence: is it good or bad emotion?
 But subjected, negative emotions can be good too
• Cry but it feels good
o Arousal: to what extend you’re feeling it (continuum of emotion)
 Very angry or slightly irritated?
Term
• What functions do emotions serve?
 Definition
o Provide us with information about situations; emotions as tool to express to others
 Also provides others with information
o Emotions mobilize us to act to ensure survival via motivation
Term
• Taxonomy of Emotional Experiences
 Definition
o Affective experience: all types of emotional experiences
o Moods: long lasting, emotional backgrounds
 Objectless and unconscious (don’t know why, to what)
o Emotions: full blown emotional experience, conscious
 Emotion episode – states that last limited time
 Facial expression and bodily responses generally last few seconds or minutes
o Feelings: just one aspect of emotional experience
 Quick and automatic
Term
6 fundamental emotions of Rene Descartes:
 Definition
wonder, desire, joy, love, hatred, sadness
Term
Modern Phineas Gages
 Definition
damage frontal lobe  lose conduct relationship ability
Term
• Walter Cannon
 Definition
brain damage in animal ≠ reduce E  diff neural pathway level  higher brain region inhibit lower E region e.g. remove cerebral cortex= intense E *against James
Term
Magda Arnold
 Definition
E base on appraisal of events; motivational system fulfil certain function e.g. sex; take over whole person
Term
Sylvan Tomkins
 Definition
E amplify drive signal  primary amplifier: facial expression  attend to goal *priority focus on output (motor)

– affect is primary motivational system
o Emotions are amplifiers of drives, which are primary determinants of behaviour
 Hunger, thirst, sex
o Human though and action to fulfil certain functions (eating, breathing, sex)
o Emotions amplify one drive signal for us to fulfil them
o Change in facial expression are primary amplifiers of emotion in humans
Term
Alice Isen
 Definition
– how happiness influences our perception of world
o Has effects on cognitive organization; more creative in problem solving
o Emotion/mood in situation can affect social judgment and behaviour

happiness affect world perception ↑creative problem solving, unusual word ssociation *E~ cognition; strongest effect when unknown E source
Term
Erving Goffman
 Definition
– life is kind of drama in which we take on roles
o Emotions constructed within specific roles, such as being with family/friends/boss
o We act accordingly to the situation we are in; rules, attitude, etc

careful observation via theoretical lens  life= drama we take on roles with scripts relevant within that envi  other comment; own & other judgment *present self & create social reality = sense of self
Term
Arlie Hochschild
 Definition
tension when in conflict about role & question self- performance
• Inner conflict: not engage in interaction  unsatisfy
• Train airline cabin: Practice particular expression & recalling M to aid performance= actor
• Emotional labour: amiable, cheerful, helpful btw customer & company e.g. debt collector: create alarm 
• Both: culture-related roles, values, social obligations determine E
Term
• Social E
 Definition
form attachment, fdship & romantic bond, negotiate social hierarchy, moral order: ppl act in relation to others & constantly make judgment of right things
Term
• George Eliot
 Definition
emotional experiences in intimate relationships
o Sympathies: emotions that connect us to each other
o Cannot foresee consequences of our actions, and no guide so how do we find way of life?
 Emotions as sort of compass and how we affect other people
Term
• John Harlow
 Definition
brain involved in emotions
o Emotional effects due to accident even though body was fine
o Due to damage in frontal lobe, lost ability to conduct relationships
Term
o Empathy:
 Definition
having emotion similar in some way of that of another person elicited by observation/imagination of other’s emotion and knowing that the other is source of one’s own emotion
Term
• Arnold and Gasson
 Definition
emotion relates self to object
o Essentially rational, considered as felt tendency towards object or away from it
o Appraisals involve attraction or repulsion to object to determine emotion
 Impulsive emotions if no difficulty attaining/avoiding object
 Emotions of contention if difficulty acting
Term
o Haochschild
 Definition
when there is internal conflict about role being played
 Involuntary/meaningless emotion // should smile when you sell something
 Emotional labour: constructing emotions in oneself to induce them in others
Term
• Frojda & Mesquita
 Definition
emotions are modes to relate to environment
o State of readiness to engage or not, interaction with world and social environment
Term
o Moral order:
 Definition
people act in relation to others and we always making judgments
Term
 Definition
theory of how species developed
o Emotional expressions seem to be universal, animals and humans have similarities
Term
Precursors to Darwin’s Theory
 Definition
o Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: adaptation to environment calls favourable traits
 Helps increase chance of survival and can develop trait throughout life
 Can pass down the phenotype of trait after
o Charles Lyell: earth is always changing due to forces (uniformitarianism)
o Thomas Malthus: population kept in check by various vices
 Not too over-populated due to hunger and diseases that cause death
 Only those who can survive will live, those who cannot will die
Term
• Natural Selection
 Definition
– to pass down genes via survival, reproduction and child care
o Survive to reproduce and then nurture children so that they can survive and reproduce
 Children will also pass down the genetic code
Term
Selection pressure:
 Definition
physical & social envi features determine ppl survive/ reproduce *core of natural selection e.g. threat/ opportunity direct relate to physical survival
• Survive: food, water, right temp, avoid predation & disease~ prefer sweet, avoid bitter food, thermoregulatory system, fight & flight response
Term
o Genetic variation
 Definition
within species is important
 Phenotype must have a genotype in order to be inheritable
Term
o Intersexual competition:
 Definition
one sex selects specific traits in opposite sex
Term
o Intersexual selection:
 Definition
competition for mates within a sex
Term
• Exaptation
 Definition
trait that acquire new function  from reflex e.g. dogs flatten ear when approach others to protect ears; human raise eyebrow when greet & flirt
Term
Darwin's Serviceable associated habit:
 Definition
actions that have been useful under a certain state of mind will continue to be performed when that same state of mind reoccurs, even if of no use e.g. dog stretch before sleep  make sure safe envi *classical condition
-Emotion without survival function  via face, vocalize, posture, movement *concurrent to physical expression e.g. feel fear  react certain way *emotion pair with action simultaneously
• Intention movement e.g. gazelle: jump high when see predator  signal own strength, violent e.g. dog show teeth, submission e.g. fold ears *save organism from carrying costly action
-Human: contempt, disgust: block nasal passage, surprise: unfamiliar stimuli  widen optical parameter to take more info
Term
Darwin's antithesis
 Definition
some expression merely signal opposite expression e.g. power gesture= strong
Term
Expressive habit:
 Definition
excessive undirected energy released as random expressions
o Face touches, leg jiggles to discharge energy in nervous system
o Does not follow Darwin’s tenets of evolution

caused by overabundance of E in nervous system  discharge E e.g. cry with shake head = relief blood pressure in brain *don’t follow Darwin’s tenet of evolution
-Critque: emotion are hereditary, not socially construct  ongoing debate: basic emotion vs constructionist view (nature vs nurture), no prove for phenomenon
Term
 Definition
making it to sexual maturity to survival
o Choosing and securing best possible mate for reproduction
 Best genes that will give child best gene for survival and reproduction
o Intersexual competition: one sex selects specific traits in opposite sex
o Intersexual selection: competition for mates within a sex
Term
• Ovulatory Shift Hypothesis
 Definition
females change behaviour as function of fertility
o Act different when we ovulate (flirty, try to look nicer, higher pitch voice)
o Preference of men also change (like deeper voice, facial scars attractive, dominance)
o However only for short-term mating to pass on good genes
 Married women flirt more with bad boys during ovulation
Term
Attachment
 Definition
: psychological accompaniment of physiological fact to protect baby
Term
• Imprinting (Lorenz)
 Definition
after hatch from eggs, gosling recognize & follow 1st largish, moving, sound-making object in envi e.g. goose mum
Term
• Goldberg:
 Definition
separate system of attachment & affiliative warmth prioritize diff in diff culture
Term
• Male provisioning hypothesis
 Definition
elaboration start with joining affiliative warmth system to reproductive  Sexual partner cooperate raise kid
Term
• Paul Ekman’s Theory of Basic Emotions
 Definition
o Happiness: drives procreation, motivates affiliation and builds social relationships
o Sadness: negative affect as signal for change, that something is wrong so need to change
o Disgust: avoidance of pathogens (foods, corpses, moral issues, taboo acts)
o Fear: are certain fears innate? (water, heights, snakes, spiders)
o Surprise: directs attention and energy to unexpected events helps us respond effectively
Anger: pushes us to assert selves when slighted, helps deter future transgression
Term
• Pair bonding
 Definition
long lasting sexual relationship btw specific human girl & guy  guy bring resource while girl use them raise kid *rare in other primate
Term
3 social motivation
 Definition
1) (+) E~ trust, comfort, reassure attachment vs distress, anxiety
2) anger vs shame
3) (+) E~ warmth, liking, affection vs loss~ sad
Term
Antisocial motivation:
 Definition
hostility: exclude, destroy others in rivalries/ war~ contempt, hatred, anger, social disgust= handicap
Term
E bond In-group vs out-group:
 Definition
ppl not in group  prejudice, genocide target
Term
• Environment of evolutionary adaptedness
 Definition
• Environment of evolutionary adaptedness
Term
Superabundance:
 Definition
produce more offspring than necessary to reproduce ourselves
Term
o Variation
 Definition
each offspring is somewhat different and differences due to heredity
Term
o Selection
 Definition
traits better for adaptation to environment are selected for survival
Term
• Fitness
 Definition
likelihood of surviving and reproducing successfully
o Better for those who see others as social partners rather than sexual partners
Term
Envi of evolutionary adaptedness
 Definition
human emotion adapt as we evolve during 6 million yrs since human line branch off from chimpanzee & bonobo
Term
Attachment & mother-infant bond:
 Definition
chimp mum share preferred food with BB, teach affection
Term
Pillar of morality:
 Definition
1) Empathy & compassion
2) reciprocity & fairness
Term
Emotional channel:
 Definition
synchrony, mimic motor, consolation, emotional contagion e.g. yawn contagion *artistic no contagion;
Term
cognitive channel
 Definition
self-other distinction, take perspective
Term
Subcortical region:
 Definition
basic instinctual emotion, approach/ avoid e.g. amydala: primary
Term
cortex:
 Definition
complex social emotion & regulation *human & large vertebrate
Term
• Assertion and hierarchy in chimps
 Definition
o Chimps share food with others who have shared with them
 Alpha male does not monopolize food but shares even though gets more
o Alpha chimps break up fights of lower ranking chimps
Term
• Affiliation and cooperation in chimps
 Definition
o Chimps who fight show that they will usually reconcile
o Consolation towards victims of aggression (when one loses a fight)
o Help other vulnerable chimps even if they don’t benefit from it
 Show distress when others are in harm
Term
• Antisocial acts among chimps
 Definition
o Sometimes seek ad kill other members of neighbouring group
o Can be aggressive to defend territory but not sure what motivates them to slaughter
Term
• Selfishness and deception
 Definition
o Don’t understand that other chimps have wants, beliefs, feelings
o But understand others have certain perceptions and goals
 Enables them to deceive them
Term
• Hypersocial
 Definition
key to emotion is that they involve others, enable to live social lives
o 3 primary social motivations and an antisocial motivation
o Some motivations (curiosity, self-preservation) need no social component
 Adaptations selected for during evolution
Term
• Attachment
 Definition
function to protect and care for infants (human imprinting)
o To keep mother close as a secure base for them
 important in early years for emotional development
o this relationship creates template for all later intimate relationships with others
 affectional bonds
Term
• assertion/power
 Definition
accompaniment of social motivation of attachment
o we have the responsibility to take care of those “below” us
 parents to child, employers to employees, teacher to student
o the motivation to move up in social hierarchy and resist those who move us down
 Motivation of competition an conflict
o Shame = social emotion of having social status diminished
Term
• Affiliation/affection
 Definition
motivation to cooperate
o positive reward, associated with system of touch
o Communal relating: express emotions more in communal relationships
o Male provisioning hypothesis: women more care for child, men also start to care
 Pair-bonding: long lasting sexual relationships in humans
Term
• Social emotions to manage social goals include:
 Definition
o Attachment brings trust, comfort, reassurance
 Without brings anxiety and distress
o Assertion brings anger, without brings shame or embarrassment
o Affiliation brings affection, warmth, liking
 Without brings sadness and grieving
Term
• Antisocial motivation
 Definition
– hostility, contempt, hatred
o Aspect of in-groups and out-groups, who become targets to cruelty, prejudice
o Emotional preference to “us” and hostility to “them”
 Biggest social handicap is our social disgust, contempt and hatred
Term
• Monogamy
 Definition
division of labour between men and women
o Men would scavenge and hunt to bring meat home, women care for home/kids
Term
• Language distinguishes us from nonhuman primates because
 Definition
o Primates use grooming to maintain social interactions but we converse
 Can converse with many at the same time
o Human can recognize others like us and have theory of mind
 Can think of what others might be thinking and know what others know
Term
• Emotions as bases of human relationship such as
 Definition
o Sexual attraction and functioning important but modulated by culture and self
o Attachment and affiliation to form and maintain cooperative bonds
o Assertion enables us to relate hierarchies of our lives
o Antisocially motivated emotions for relations between groups
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