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| Why do we need Psychology of Women? |
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Definition
| Don't want to minimize gender differences, gender role socialization |
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Term
| Traditional psychology has been psychology of ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Steps to Scientific Method (applied to Psychology with biases against women) |
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Definition
| Formulate hypothesis, design/perform/interpret data |
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Term
| Problem with some hypotheses |
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Definition
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Term
| Problems that occur while designing a study |
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Definition
| Confounding variables (extra variable that occurs differently for M's&F's, can affect study) |
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| Problems that can occur when performing a study |
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Definition
| Researcher/participants may expect something (therefore it happens) |
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| Problems when interpreting data |
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Definition
| inappropriate generalizations |
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Term
| Psychology is both basic and _______ science. |
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Definition
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Definition
| inborn bio charactertistics; relates reproduction such as sex chromosomes, organs |
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Definition
| psychological characteristics, social categories created by human culture |
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Definition
| bias against people on the basis of their gender |
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Definition
| gender is a basic, unchangable characteristic that resides within an individual, "exists inside the person" |
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Term
| Social constructionist perspective of gender |
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Definition
| biologically being born male/female takes on different meanings in different cultures, situational, and historical contexts; males/females shaped by culture |
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Definition
| how we perceive gender, may respond one way to men and a completely different way to women |
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Term
| Essentialism vs. Social Constructionism |
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Definition
Essentialism = universal, stable, gender is something a person has
(not supported by research any longer)
Soc. Const. = not stable or universal, dynamic process, depeonds on experiences |
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Definition
| Racism, classism (social class), ableism (disability), heterosexism (lesbians, bi's, gays, etc.), ageism (age) |
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Definition
| shows scores on a variable of interest and the number of people in a sample who received each score |
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Term
| What is a non overlapping distribution? |
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Definition
all members of Gender X score higher on the psychological variable than all members of Gender Y.
Men and women are not COMPLETELY different, explanation doesn't work and should avoid using the word "opposite sex" |
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Term
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Definition
| some members of Gender X score higher on the psych variable than all members of Gender Y; substantial overlap in score of both genders (difference between averages of the two groups) |
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Term
| You can make predictions about an individual based on an average, T or F? |
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Definition
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Term
| feminism definition (Matlin's) |
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Definition
| belief system that values women's experiences and ideas, and argues that women and men should be socially, economoically, and legally equal |
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Term
| feminism definition for this class |
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Definition
| Matlin's definition + commitment to working for positive social change |
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Term
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Definition
| everyone benefits if we reduce our culture's rigid gender roles, passing laws that guarentee equal rights for both genders; differences between both are relatively small |
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Definition
| society should be restructured to emphasize cooperation instead of aggression; emphasizes the positive qualities that are presumed to be stronger in women than in men (women are nurturing/caretakers) |
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Definition
| cause or women's oppression lies in entire sex and gender system; society needs to dramatically change its policies on society |
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Term
| Woman-of-color feminism/womanist perspective |
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Definition
| none of the other types of feminism are good enough because they don't consider ethnicity/social class; eliminate racism, classism, and sexism |
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Term
| See diagrams of Downing and Roush's Model |
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Definition
| Easiest way to look at "the process" |
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Term
| "The personal is political" |
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Definition
| we tend to blame the victim because we tend to view a person's behavior out of context (women who couldn't show up to job example, couldn't show up because of issues with childcare, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| organised, widely share set of beliefs about characteristics of females and males |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative attitude or emotional reaction (a MINDSET) |
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Definition
| biased action toward members of a particular group (a AA gets into a pool, group of EA's snicker/get out - an ACTION) |
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Definition
| possession of control/authority, influence over others |
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Definition
| prejudice + discrimination + power |
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Term
| Problems with traditional gender roles |
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Definition
| Male roles considered "superior," minimizes individual differences in both sexes, lack of conformity ='s deviance |
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Term
| Institutionalized androcentrism |
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Definition
| priveledging of males experience, perspective gets incorporated into social institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs/assumptions we have without being aware we're doing so (ex. women are supposed to have children), we're all sexist SOMEhow |
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Term
| The APA currently has no policies on non-sexist language in the journals it publishes, true or false? |
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Definition
| False, they publish only gender neutral journals. |
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Term
| Themes of women in the media |
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Definition
| stereotyped images of women promote behaviors, self-images, and attitudes; sexually aggressive media promotes violence against women |
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Term
| Research tends to show stronger stereotypes on implicit measures of attitudes than on explicit measures, trust or false? |
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Definition
| True, if you don't know you're being tested about stereotypes then the participants were more likely to admit to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| based on the idea that women should be subservient to men and "know their place" |
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Term
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Definition
| argues for women's special niceness/purity, views women as pure creatures who should be protected/adored, love is necessary to make a man complete |
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Term
| Glick & Fiske, 2001 results |
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Definition
| In countries where women have less education, high paying jobs, etc. the men there are usually hostile sexists. |
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Term
| Problems with benevolent sexism. |
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Definition
| May sound chivalrous but it may show women as "weaker" and that they can't protect themselves without a man around (which is also not great just not as bad as hostile sexism) |
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Term
| Why might stereotypes form? |
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Definition
| Social Cog. approach thinks that we need belief systems (stereotypes) to help simplify/organize the world |
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Term
| Self-fulfilling prophecies and stereotype threats |
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Definition
| individual in a group may be hampered by a negative stereotype/reminded about it before a test, performance may suffer (self-fulfilling prophecy) |
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Term
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Definition
| men and women can shared traits |
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Term
| Bem Sex Role Inventory (1974) |
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Definition
| widely used self-repost measure, rate adjectives to describe self |
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Term
| Sexist discrimination can be ______,_____, and ________. |
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Definition
| blatant, covert, subtle and it's still fairly common according to research |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic make-up of the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| physical characteristics of an individual from genotype and environment |
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Term
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Definition
| 80% environment, 20% genetic |
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Term
| Examples of sex-linked traits |
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Definition
| color blindness, hemophilia |
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Term
| Males are more likely to receive recessive traits because they only have one X chromosome, true or false? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| how children acquire their knowledge of gender, how they acquire personality traits, skills, behaviors, self-concepts |
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Term
| Androgen-insensitivity syndone* |
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Definition
| genetic males, penis doesn't fully develop considered girls but have no uterus |
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Term
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia* |
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Definition
| genetic females, female parts look masculine |
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Term
| The True Story of John/Joan |
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Definition
| genetic male suffered complete loss of penis due to botched circumsion; expert gave him advice to get reassignment surgery to be a female |
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Term
| Outdated Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud) |
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Definition
| penis envy, turns to dad to give him a baby, ultimately identifies with Mom, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| contemporary approach, children learn by modeling from other people; children rewarded for gender-appropriate behavior and vice versa |
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Term
| Cognitive-developmental theory |
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Definition
| leaves child ability to choose their own gender; children actively synthesize and create their own thoughts |
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Term
| Social learning and cognitive development approached work well together to explain children's gender development |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| biological event; everyone experiences it, age to which someone become reproductively ready |
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Definition
| culturally defined; transition phase between childhood/adulthood |
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Term
| Every girl experiences adolescence the same way across races/ethnic groups, etc. True or false? |
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Definition
| False, every girl every wear across ever ethnic group and race has a unique experiences |
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Term
| Adolescence brings about discord for girls. Things like body image and _______ arise during this stage along with a gain in weight. |
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Definition
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Term
| Females in adolescence also face pressure to ______ everyone and also be mature at the same. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many of the feelings and beliefs we havev about menstruation are derived from social _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of social taboos about menstruation. |
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Definition
| mood swings, cleanliness, odor, sexuality, fertility |
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Term
| What year were sanitary products ads unbanned from TV and radio? |
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Definition
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Term
| Terms used to describe menstruation. |
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Definition
| Monthly gift, Code Red, Mother Nature, the flow, Code Red, that time of the month |
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Term
| Women all experiences menstruation in different ways, true or false? |
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Definition
| True. It can impact one girl differently than the next girl and it's not all the same situation. |
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Term
| Common changes/symptoms of periods |
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Definition
| Headaches, fatigue, dizziness, breat tenderness, bloating |
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Term
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Definition
| menstrual pain (cramps and back pain), fairly common, hormonal imbalance during period |
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Term
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Definition
| absense of periods; can happen in elite athletes and women with anorexia |
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Term
| Who calls PMS a cultural bound syndrome? |
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Definition
| Chrisler, said PMS is a constellation of symptoms that have been categorized as a dysfunction in some societies more than others |
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Term
| During a period intellectual declines can occur, true or false? |
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Definition
| False, there is no physically or intellectual deficiency suffer during a period. |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. sexist language (reinforces sexist stereotypes) |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. chauvinism (men depreciating women, "men are superior"), purposefully hidden from view |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as obviously unequal and unfair treatment of women relative to men; telling a women you're not hiring her because she's a women |
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