Term
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Definition
"public mask" - what you want others to see.
inhibit socially unacceptable behaviors and traits |
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Term
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Definition
| -surveys, correlation, naturalistic observation |
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Term
| problems of descriptive methodology |
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Definition
-people lie
-attrition: may not answer all questions |
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Term
| 3 challenges of personality |
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Definition
1. Universal truth: all humans need the same things (esteem needs, food, water, etc)
2. Group truth: group identity differences
3. Individual truth: everyone is different + has unique experiences |
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Term
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Definition
(Allport, Cattell)
-innate traits. belief that innate traits are consistent with behavior and personality |
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Term
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Definition
(Freud, Jung)
info in unconscious motivates behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| collective unconscious; inherit wisdom from past generations. motivated by unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
(Maslow, Carl Rogers)
Prosocial, moral creatures by nature. Can do no wrong.
Rodgers: actualization tendency |
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Term
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Definition
| to not focus on individual differences, but to study personality as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
| genes influence personality |
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Term
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Definition
social mores + culture shapes personality
ritualisms |
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Term
| Why do we only do 4 trials for conditioning? |
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Definition
| want to avoid habituation to unpleasant stimuli |
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Term
| Determinants for personality: genes |
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Definition
-predisposition for certain traits
-evolution: pre-existing knowledge for what we NEED (food, water, etc) |
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Term
| What did Scar say about instincts? |
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Definition
instincts exist, which influence behaviors...but they do not control them
seek out environment that is optimal for us
your genes "pick" what environment you grow up in |
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Term
| problems with twin studies |
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Definition
-variability within the home
-ethical issues
-treated similarly
-outside of the home, other variables (ex - attractiveness = being treated better) |
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Term
| Explain blocking in relations to classical conditioning |
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Definition
CS1 -> US
CSz + CS2 -> US
CSz -? NO RESPONSE |
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Term
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Definition
-ritualizations; sociocultural expectations
need to adopt certain behaviors if you'd like to fit in |
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Term
| Personality: learning theory |
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Definition
| -personality reflects our history of reinforcement + punishment |
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Term
| Existential/humanistic factors |
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Definition
1. How do we cope with inevitable events?
2. Free-will: how do we value, interpret, and respond to those conditions?
3. Unconscious mechanisms: causes for behavior are unconscious and usually have their origins in childhood
5. Personality as a composite of all factors, overlapping info |
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Term
| automatic info processing |
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Definition
very similar to unconscious motivation
-revealed with free association, dreams, memory lapses, etc |
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Term
| 6 issues in personality theory |
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Definition
1. which is more important? past, present, future?
2. What motivates behavior? Hedonism, adaptive hedonism, actualization?
3. unconscious mechanisms? can we even ask you what is wrong?
4. free-will vs determinism:
5. research-focus: nomethic (group) or idiographic (individual)focus
6. Person-situation: variables within individual, or environment that are coping with that shapes personality |
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Term
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Definition
| we learn through experience rather than genetics |
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Term
| characteristics of a "good" theory |
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Definition
1. permits synthesis of previous findings
2. is heuristic (Generates new research)
3. is testable |
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Term
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Definition
studied twins separated at birth and reared apart
-said that environment played a small role in personality. genetics = most important |
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Term
| another way of saying "nature-nurture debate" |
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Definition
| nativism empiricism controversy |
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Term
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Definition
personality is shaped by cultural expectations, but is through patterns of reward/punishment that those expectations are conveyed to children
--personality results from life experiences |
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Term
| Cognitive processes theory |
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Definition
self-regulated behavior; stress importance of self-reward and punishment.
emphasize the importance of present experience and future goals in determining behavior and deemphasize the importance of the past. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Genetics
2. Traits
3. Culture-Society
4. Learning
5. Personal choice
6. Unconscious mechanisms
7. Cognitive processes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| not thinking about it now, but you can recall it when needed |
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Term
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Definition
| repressed info to relieve anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
memory from personalexperiences
-when people ask us about experiences, we usually only tell them the good things, because we repress the bad to relieve anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
fear that you will not be able to repress the id
ex: afraid to have alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
anxiety of reality; rational
realize certain circumstances produces anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of punishment from superego |
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Term
| What are the immature defense mechanisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the mature defense mechanisms? |
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Definition
1. Intellectualization
2. sublimation |
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Term
|
Definition
primary defense mechanism
force unwanted thoughts/desires out of mind
most widely used defense mechanism |
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Term
| List of defense mechanisms |
|
Definition
1. Repression
2. Denial
3. Reaction Formation
4. Rationalization
5. Displacement
6. Identification
7. Isolation
8. Intellectualization
9. sublimation |
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Term
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Definition
| -showed correlation between having mature defense mechanisms and psychological health and success |
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Term
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Definition
goal-oriented or future-oriented behavior
-JUNG, ALLPORT, Bandura |
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Term
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Definition
| impulse to realize full potential |
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Term
| what did freud and skinner think motivated behavior? |
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Definition
| -hedonism: tendency to seek pleasure and void pain |
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Term
| what dud horney, maslow, and rogers think motivated behavior? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what did adler think motivates behavior? |
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Definition
| -striving for superiority |
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Term
| What did May and Kelley think motivates behavior? |
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Definition
| -search for meaning and the reduction of uncertainty |
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Term
| what did bandura think motivates behavior? |
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Definition
| -need to develop cognitive processes |
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Term
|
Definition
-organizing agent of personality
-mechanism for providing individual consistency over time and across situations |
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Term
| what kind of theorist deny or minimize the importance of unconscious determinants of personality? |
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Definition
-learning theorists
- existential-humanistic |
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Term
|
Definition
| belief that you can predict person's behavior with complete accuracy |
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Term
| how do humanists feel about determinism? |
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Definition
-determinism is impossible, because humans have free will
-we are masters of our own destinies |
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Term
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Definition
| examining contents of your own mind |
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Term
| how do existentialists feel about introspection? |
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Definition
| they think that it is the most valuable tool for studying personality |
|
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Term
| what do learning theorists think about introspection? |
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Definition
| it is invalid and unnecessary |
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Term
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Definition
| study of single individual |
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Term
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Definition
| study of groups of individuals |
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Term
| person variables vs situation variables |
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Definition
person variables: variables controlling a person's behavior
situation variables: control person's behavior externally |
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Term
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Definition
| mental states are solely subtle bodily responses. the mind does not exist. |
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Term
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Definition
| mental events are merely the by-products of bodily response and should be ignored in the analysis of human behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| an external event causes both bodily and mental events at the same time, but the two types of events are independent of each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the mind influences the body and the body influences the mind |
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Term
| Nature vs nurture: empirical theory |
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Definition
| -people become what they experience |
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Term
| nature vs nurture: rational theory |
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Definition
| -human behavior is under the control of logical thought processes |
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Term
| nature vs nurture: animalistic theory |
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Definition
| -humans possess the same instincts and impulses as other animals |
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Term
| nature vs nurture: evolutionary psychology theory |
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Definition
| inherit behavioral tendencies from past, but these tendencies can be modified by rational thought or culture |
|
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Term
| nature vs nurture: existential theory |
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Definition
| most important thing about humans is our ability to choose courses of action and to assign meaning to the events in our lives |
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Term
| nature vs nurture: humanistic theory |
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Definition
| humans are born good. if we engage in "bad" behavior, it is because of cultural influence |
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Term
| nature vs nurture: mechanistic theory |
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Definition
| humans are automatons that respond automatically in events |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| rationalism vs empiricism |
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Definition
rationalism: one gains knowledge by exercising the mind.
empiricism: sensory experience is the basis of all knowledge. we know only what we experience |
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Term
|
Definition
| - theory's ability to generate new rsearch |
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Term
| principle of verification |
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Definition
| must be capable of testing the theory, in order for it to be true |
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Term
|
Definition
| a theory must make predictions that have a chance of being incorrect |
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Term
| principle of falsifiability |
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Definition
| all theories must be falsifiable |
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Term
| Freud: the cocaine incident |
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Definition
a german physician told freud that cocaine enhanced endurance in soldiers. he also said that he took the cocaine and realized that it relieved his depression and made him more able to concentrate
freuds beliefs about the drug were proven false |
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Term
|
Definition
experimented with hypnotism
tried to remove paralysis and hysteria through hypnotism |
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Term
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Definition
| had people perform various acts while they were hypnotized. they could not remember the acts afterwards (posthypnotic amnesia) |
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Term
|
Definition
| cannot remember events that occurred under hypnosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a person performs an act while awake that he or she was instructed to perform under hypnosis. the person is unaware of the reason for performing such an act |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional relief that results when a person is able to ponder pathogenic ideas consciously. physical discorders are often relieved with catharsis |
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Term
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Definition
| an ego-defense mechanism postulated by anna freud by which a person internalizes the values of another person and lives his or her life in accordance with these values |
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Term
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Definition
| character type that results from a fixation at the early anal stage. such a person may have trouble with bowel control and may be overly generous |
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Term
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Definition
| -character type that results from a fixation at the late anal stage. such a person may suffer from constipation and may be stingy |
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Term
|
Definition
second psychosexual stage.
-age 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| expenditure of energy to prevent a cathexis that would cause anxiety |
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Term
|
Definition
| the general feeling of impending danger |
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Term
|
Definition
french neurologist
-people can become aware of unconscious ideas if pressured to do so |
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Term
|
Definition
physician
first to use the "Talking cure" while treating histeria. freud adopted it and called it "free association" |
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Term
|
Definition
| boys fear that he is going to lost his penis because they were regarded as the source of difficulty between a boy and his father |
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Term
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Definition
| investment of psychic energy in the image of an object that will satisfy need |
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Term
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Definition
| form of dream disrtion in which one dream element represents several ideas at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the superego that results from the internalized experiences for which a child had been punished. this component of the personality is responsible for the experience of guilt |
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Term
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Definition
| therapist becomes emotionally involved with patient |
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Term
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Definition
| some potentially anxiety-provoking aspect of reality is denied despite an abundant amount of info that testifies its existence |
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Term
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Definition
| aggression directed toward a person or object less threatening than the one causing the aggressive impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| substitution of one cathexis that is anxiety-provoking with one that is not. |
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Term
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Definition
| various mechanisms that distort a dream's latent content |
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Term
|
Definition
satisfies the needs of the id and superego by engaging in appropriate activies
REALITY |
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Term
|
Definition
| unconscious processes that falsify or distort reality to reduce or prevent anxiety |
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Term
|
Definition
the portion of the superego that results from the internalized experiences for which a child has been rewarded.
this is responsible for the experience of success and pride |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| arrested development at one of the psychosexual stages because of the undergratification or overgratification of a need. fixation determines the point to which an adult regresses under stress |
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Term
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Definition
| instructing the patient to say whatever he or she is thinking at the time. |
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Term
|
Definition
following puberty
full adult personality emerges |
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Term
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Definition
| socially acceptable way to express repressed anxiety-provoking thoughts |
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Term
|
Definition
-matching of an idinal image with its physical counterpart
-the incorporation of another persons values or characteristics to enhance self steem |
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Term
| identification with the aggressor |
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Definition
| an ego-defense mechanism by which the fear caused by a person is reduced or eliminated by internalizing the feared persons values and mannerisms |
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Term
| inheritance of acquired skills |
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Definition
| info learned during a persons lifetime can be passed on to that persons offspring |
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Term
|
Definition
stuff from which personality is shaped
-cognitive reflection of a biological deficiency. |
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Term
|
Definition
| minimization of the negative emotions associated with an vent by a detached, logical analysis of the event |
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Term
| Content of dream: latent vs manifest |
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Definition
latent content of dream: a dreams true meaning that is disguised or distorted by dream work
manifest content of dream: what a dream appears to be about to the dreamer |
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Term
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Definition
| -the guilt experienced when one either does or ponders doing something that violates the values of the superego |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by the fear that the impulses of the id will overwhelm the ego and cause the person to do something that he or she will be punished for |
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Term
| oral-incorporative character |
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Definition
results from a fixation in the early oral stage
such a person spends considerable time engaged in activities such as eating, kissing, smoking, and listening |
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Term
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Definition
results from a fixation in the late oral stage
such a person is orally aggressive and may be a fingernail biter and sarcastic |
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Term
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Definition
| manifestations of repressed thoughts in everyday life such as slips of the tongue, accidents, forgetfulness, and errors in writing and speaking |
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Term
|
Definition
-occurs between 3-5 years
- |
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Term
| phylogenetically inherited endowment |
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Definition
| images we inherit that reflect the consistent experiences of our ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
| hedonistic principle governing the id that demands the mmediate reduction of any tension associated with an unsatisfied biological need |
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Term
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Definition
| state of information that is in the unconscious mind but has not been repressed |
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Term
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Definition
| repression of those anxiety-provoking thoughts that are innately part of the id and therefore independent of persona l experience |
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Term
| principle of conservation of energy |
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Definition
| principle stating that the amount of energy within a system remains constant |
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Term
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Definition
| ego-defense mechanism bu which an anxiety-provoking thought is attributed to someone else instead of recognizing it as ones own |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed amount of energy that freud believed was available to drive the entire personality |
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Term
|
Definition
giving a rational, logical excuse for behavior or thoughts that otherwise would create anxiety
even though the logic is incorrect |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibition of an anxiety-provoking thought by exaggerating its opposite |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by real, objective sources of danger in the environment. it is the easiest type of anxiety to reduce or prevent |
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Term
| what is the easiest type of anxiety to reduce? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| tries to satisfy the id and the superego by finding environmental experiences that fit needs |
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Term
|
Definition
| ego finds environmental experiences capable of satisfying the needs of the id and superego |
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Term
|
Definition
| returning to an earlier stage of development when stress is encountered |
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Term
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Definition
| patients unwillingness to ponder and report anxiety-producing thoughts during the therapeutic process. |
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Term
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Definition
| hysteria results from an actual sexual seduction experienced during childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| displacement that results in a higher cultural achievement such as when an artistic or scientific activity is substituted for sexual activity |
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Term
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Definition
| an ego-defense mechanism by which an attempt is made to atone for an unacceptable act or thought by engaging in some form of ritualistic activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| belief that life cannot be eplained in terms of physical events and processes alone |
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Term
|
Definition
| female component of the male psyche |
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Term
|
Definition
| male component of the female psyche |
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Term
|
Definition
| inherited predisposition to respond emotionally to certain asoects of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the archetypes of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| general orientations of the psyche when relating to the world |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that a persons personality can be explained in terms of past experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| set of interrelated ideas that are highly valued and that exist in the personal unconscious |
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Term
|
Definition
a period of intense preoccupation with a search for a particular truth
usually accompanied by depression, neurosis, and psychotic episodes |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency to be eternally oriented, confident and outgoing |
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Term
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Definition
| person comes to recognize the various components of his or her psyche and gives them expression within the context of his/her life |
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Term
|
Definition
| condition that exists when ones persona is too highly valued |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency to be internally oriented, quiet, subjective, and nonsocial |
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Term
|
Definition
| function of thought that makes hunches about objects or events when factual information is not available |
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Term
|
Definition
JUNG
do not involve logical thought processes (Ex: intuition) |
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Term
|
Definition
Sanskrit word for "circle"
JUNG: symbol of wholeness, completeness, perfection
symbolizes the SELF |
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Term
|
Definition
| material from ones lifetime that was once conscious and then represed |
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Term
|
Definition
| constant tendency exists toward equalizing energy within a system |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of energy is fixed and if some of the energy is missing from one system, it needs to show up in another |
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Term
|
Definition
| each component of the psyche has an opposite |
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Term
|
Definition
JUNG
involve making judgments and evaluations about experience |
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Term
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Definition
| state of the psyche if the individuation process has been successful |
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Term
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Definition
| state of balance and harmony that is reached when the various components of the psyche are recognized and given expression |
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Term
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Definition
| deepest part of the collective unconscious that contains all the animalistic urges |
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Term
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Definition
discovers therapeutic effects
-said that it was not addictive, so physicians began to prescribe it. cocaine is found to be addictive + freud is blamed |
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Term
|
Definition
| physical symptoms can arise from psyche. no physical origin. hyeria |
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Term
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Definition
post-hypnotic therapy
showed that posthypnotic therapy amnesia could occur. could not remember events during hypnotism |
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Term
|
Definition
hysteria patient.
blindness, deaf, paralysis after trauma after death of father. tried to trace point of occurrence to find cause and cure of it
TALKING CURE |
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Term
| Difference between transference and countertransference counter-transference |
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Definition
Transference: [patient falls in love with therapist
counter-transference: therapist falls in love with patient |
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Term
|
Definition
1. source: bodily deficiency
---poorness
2. Aim: reduce stress by removing deficiency
-----seek money
3. object: experience of objects that remove deficiency
---- employment
4. impetus: intensity that aim is carried out
-----how you will find a job |
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Term
| Freud: Psychosocial or intrapsychic? |
|
Definition
Psychosocial: Freud
Intrapsychic: Jung |
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Term
|
Definition
| sexuality is important after age 5 |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| radical change when people reach 30s/40s. interests become less materialistc and more interested in inward spirituality |
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Term
| Jung: Teleology and causality |
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Definition
| future goals become part of identity and integrate into persoanlity |
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