Term
| Harry Sullivan is known for his high cure rate using ______________ therapy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is interpersonal therapy? |
|
Definition
| Staff creates a safe, corrective interpersonal interactive relationship with patients. |
|
|
Term
| According to Sullivan, what do people carry into their relationships? |
|
Definition
| Distorted views and unrealistic expectations |
|
|
Term
| What is required for a mental well-being? |
|
Definition
| A balance between security and pursuit of satisfaction. |
|
|
Term
| Who developed the personological system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Murray, what two components combined influence personality? |
|
Definition
| Unconscious motives and environmental pressures |
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of the personological system? |
|
Definition
1. Internal needs/motives (nPow, nAch, nAff)
2. Environmental Press (alpha=real, beta=perceived)
3. Dynamic System |
|
|
Term
| Cultural difference in internal needs/motives? |
|
Definition
| US= high nAch, other countries= high nAff |
|
|
Term
| What two tests measure themas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Mischel's critique of the relationship between personality and behavior? |
|
Definition
| Had very low relationship, correlation of .30 or less |
|
|
Term
| Mischel believed that personality changed in different __________. Why? |
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Definition
| Situations; the situations trigger thoughts and emotions from past experiences. |
|
|
Term
| Mischel said traits can be _____________, but not ____________. |
|
Definition
| Cross-temporal (consistent over time); cross-situational |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to general diverse behaviors under appropriate conditions. It is what people know and are able to do, not what they actually do. |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used for how people describe themselves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Behavior outcome expectancy? |
|
Definition
| What will happen if a person acts a certain way. |
|
|
Term
| Stimulus outcome expectancy? |
|
Definition
| How events develop in the world. |
|
|
Term
| What is the belief of whether or not you can do something? |
|
Definition
| Self-efficacy, it influences behavior greatly |
|
|
Term
| The Marshmallow Test was used to show_________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are situations hard to predict? |
|
Definition
| Error variance, factors of situations are unique, hard to generalize across situations. |
|
|
Term
| Low self monitoring v. high self monitoring. |
|
Definition
Low: less sensitive to others reactions/expectancies so their behaviors are more consistent over situations.
High: more sensitive, more varied behavior |
|
|
Term
| We seek situations that reinforce our_______________, which makes our behavior and environment seem more stable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Blocks' longitudinal study focused on what? |
|
Definition
Ego control: ability to delay gratification
Ego resiliency: moderate level of control to accommodate new circumstances |
|
|
Term
| Caspi found what three things in the longitudinal study? |
|
Definition
1. personality traits are consistent
2. consistency increases with age
3. personality can change even in old age |
|
|
Term
| In Caspi's longitudinal study, it was found that personality consistency peaks at what age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the Circumplex model? |
|
Definition
| Conceptualize, organize, and assess interpersonal behavior, traits and motives |
|
|
Term
| Female and males both desire ____ traits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What traits do males have more of than females? |
|
Definition
| Spatial skills, aggressiveness |
|
|
Term
| What traits do females have more of than males? |
|
Definition
| Verbal skills, better communication |
|
|
Term
| What is castration anxiety? |
|
Definition
| The fantasized fear of injury or loss of the genital organs, often as the reaction to a repressed feeling of punishment for forbidden sexual desires |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Female desires a penis and the power that comes with it. |
|
|
Term
| What was Erikson's thoughts on outward genitalia v. inward genitalia? |
|
Definition
Outward= active, exploring
Inward, gental, peaceful |
|
|
Term
| Who disagreed with Freud's penis envy? What did they come up with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Behaviorists and Learning theorists believed that gender was attained through what? |
|
Definition
| Reinforcements, modeling and conditioning. |
|
|
Term
| When are females aggressive? |
|
Definition
| When protecting their young. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the crying trends in males and females. |
|
Definition
Males: cry more than females when babies
Females: cry more than males when adults |
|
|
Term
| Who has a higher motivation for achievement, males or females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most useful view/theory in male-female differences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are males or females more likely to "love"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T stands for thrill seeking, driven by psychobiological motives, disease prone personality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Way of responding to stress. |
|
|
Term
| What is the somatopsychic effect? Two examples. |
|
Definition
| Disease/genetic predispositions to illness can affect personality. Down syndrome and oxygen deprivation. |
|
|
Term
| Define personality disorder. |
|
Definition
| Patterns of behaviors that impair well-being and functioning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Odd/eccentric: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dramatic, emotional, erratic: antisocial, borderline, histronic, narcissistic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anxious, fearful: avoidant, dependent, OCD |
|
|
Term
| Both ______ and ________ must occur simultaneously for a disorder to occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type A behavior is associated with what health issue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Termites results in conscientiousness. |
|
Definition
| More conscientious lived longer (30% less likely to die any given year) |
|
|
Term
| Termites results in sociability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Termites results in cheerfulness. |
|
Definition
| Higher cheerfulness=sooner death because they are risk takers |
|
|
Term
| Termites results in stress from parents divorce. |
|
Definition
| Before age 21, more likely to die or divorce |
|
|
Term
| Types of self healing personality. |
|
Definition
Active healthy: functions best under stress, outgoing, spontaneous
Relaxed healthy: low stress, calm, philosophical |
|
|
Term
| What did Broden and Build study? |
|
Definition
| Form and function of positive emotions, what they sparked. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Desire and achievement of relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Knowing the world is understandable and meaningful. |
|
|
Term
| What 5 things are we influenced by? |
|
Definition
| Family, peers, social institutions, cultural traditions and class. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Etic: cross cultural, assessments from outside the culture applied to the group
Emic: one culture is studied, assessments are within the group |
|
|
Term
| Individualism v. collectivism? |
|
Definition
Individualism: Wester society, focus on individual
Collectivism: Eastern society, focus on group |
|
|
Term
| Adolescence is more or less stressful in Samoa than the U.S.? Who studied this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whiting and Whiting study found a relationship between what? |
|
Definition
| Adult personality and child rearing experiences |
|
|
Term
| Lewin's three political cultures? |
|
Definition
1. Autocratic/authoritarianism
2. Democratic (US)
3. Laissez Faire |
|
|
Term
| What is the American Dilemna? |
|
Definition
| "All men are created equal," but there was slavery... |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between SES and health? |
|
Definition
| Lower SES usually smoke, live in unhealthy areas so risk of disease and death is higher. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individual version of his/her native language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cultural/regional variants of vocabulary and syntactic forms. |
|
|
Term
| What is the interpretation of the world depending on the linguistic system by which we classify is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the fictional language created by Orwell that was meant to remove all shades of meaning from language and is the only language that gets smaller each year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Culture free testing v. culture fair testing |
|
Definition
Free: independent of culture, very difficult to create
Fair: some culture, but is understandable among an array of cultures, used much more often |
|
|
Term
| What is the stereotype threat? |
|
Definition
| Fear that others judgments of their own actions will negatively stereotype them. |
|
|
Term
| What types of brain disorders may cause hate? |
|
Definition
| Structural abnormalities, low density dopamine receptors and drug induced |
|
|
Term
| Homicides are usually committed under... |
|
Definition
| Influence of drugs and amphetamines |
|
|
Term
| Fits or rage and hatred may stem from lesions where? |
|
Definition
| On/near the temporal lobe of the hypothalamus and amygdala |
|
|
Term
| Having low density dopamine receptors may lead to what type of personality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Having low density dopamine receptors may lead to what type of personality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drive toward death and self destruction, but may be redirected and projected onto others |
|
|
Term
| According to Erikson, how may hostility be created? |
|
Definition
| Failure to resolve the first three ego crises |
|
|
Term
| What two neo-analytic theorists studied childhood experiences to determine the root of hatred? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adler found that _____ leads to aggression, caused by what? |
|
Definition
| Inferiority caused by rejection by parents |
|
|
Term
| Horney found that children who don't feel ______ become _______, which leads to aggression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fromm stated that what two things combined were responsible for hatred? What three SPECIFIC things? |
|
Definition
Culture and past experiences
-biology
-negative relationships with parents
-failure to find meaning in society |
|
|
Term
| How did Rogers think parents were responsible for a child's anxiety and ultimately, aggression? |
|
Definition
| They put conditions on positive regard |
|
|
Term
| Maslow believed that unmet ________ needs lead to hate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eysenck compared what trait to hatred? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 5 letters did Cattell say were responsible for aggression and could create a cold blooded killer? |
|
Definition
Low A: aloof and critical
Low C: emotionally unstable
High E: dominate and aggressive
Low I: tough minded
High L: suspicious |
|
|
Term
| Describe the danger of Kelly's cognitive simplicity? |
|
Definition
| No distinctions may cause the person to see whole groups of people as all enemies. |
|
|
Term
| Three ways Learning Theorists believed hate could be learned. |
|
Definition
Classical conditioning: hate is the conditioned response
Operant conditioning: reinforcements shape aggressive behavior
Social Learning Theory: observation/modeling teaches hate |
|
|
Term
| In reference to hate and aggression, what is the difference between the South and North U.S.? |
|
Definition
| South are more hostile because of their high honor and pride |
|
|
Term
| Buss and Angleitner found that men sought __________ and females sought _________ when it came to love. |
|
Definition
| Physical attractiveness; earning ability |
|
|
Term
| According to the psychoanalytic theory, when and whom do you have your first love? |
|
Definition
| Oral stage with your mother |
|
|
Term
| State Sharer's three romantic styles. |
|
Definition
| Secure, Avoidant, Anxious Ambivalent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Easily gets close with others and lets others get close with them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have trouble trusting and getting close to people. |
|
|
Term
| Anxious ambivalent romantic style? |
|
Definition
| Want to get close, but are insecure. |
|
|
Term
| 50% of the people studied had what kind of romantic style? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the humanistic approach, when can a person experience love? |
|
Definition
| When their potential is realized |
|
|
Term
| Rogers believed that children can love once they do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Maslow's hierarchy, what two things must be accomplished before one can love? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between Type B love and Type D love |
|
Definition
B: being, unselfish love
D: deficiency, selfish love |
|
|
Term
| Motherly, brotherly and erotic love are all ___________ love according to who? |
|
Definition
| Immature, according to Fromm |
|
|
Term
| State May's 5 types of love and briefly describe each. |
|
Definition
1. Sex: lust tension released
2. Eros: procreative, savoring, experiential
3. Philia: brotherly
4. Agape: unselfish love, devotion to others
5. Authentic: combination of all four listed above |
|
|
Term
| Fatuous love is a result of which of the following: spirit, body or mind, according to Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Love? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consumate love is a result of which of the following: spirit, body or mind, according to Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Love? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Romantic love is a result of which of the following: spirit, body or mind, according to Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Love? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compassionate love is a result of which of the following: spirit, body or mind, according to Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Love? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Liking is a result of which of the following: spirit, body or mind, according to Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Love? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infatuation is a result of which of the following: spirit, body or mind, according to Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Love? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Empty Love is a result of which of the following: spirit, body or mind, according to Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Love? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spirit = _________, Mind = _______________, Body = _____________ (Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Love) |
|
Definition
| Commitment, intimacy, passion |
|
|
Term
| If the focus of personality study should be on the interpersonal situation, not on the person, then how could we go about assessing personality? |
|
Definition
| Regard each personality as an indeterminate entity some significant characteristic of which may be inferred from the processes that occur in the group of persons |
|
|
Term
| It is clear that the individual has some self-contained psychobiological characteristics. How can this fact be integrated with the idea that personality involves enduring patterns of relationships? |
|
Definition
| People in dreams are related to real people in that persons life. Patterns reveal little about anyone except the subject-individual. |
|
|
Term
| Is it only an illusion that a person has a single, fixed personality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Global traits have a centra role in everyday, intuitive understanding of personality. Does the field of personality psychology benefit from this or suffer because of it? |
|
Definition
| Suffer because it leads to over generality, vagueness and philosophical confusion. |
|
|
Term
| What are some dangers in moving away from global traits? How do these dangers affect our view of people and their behaviors? |
|
Definition
1. When we use dispositional terms that are framed NARROWLY we discard the possibility of generating independent differences
2. ESTOTERIC: don't make contact with traits as used in everyday life
3. FREQUENCIES |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of learning in the development of personality traits in Funder's view? |
|
Definition
Traits are learned by patterns of perception and action in the social world.
Trait = interaction with environment + genetic endowment
It is immutable, but stable. |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the methodological challenges of adapting a measurement instrument for use in different languages and in different cultural environments? |
|
Definition
Patterns in the things being measured show variations in magnitude of differences seen across different cultures. Differential access to health care.
1. Artifactual results: where sex roles are prescribed, when describing themselves they compare themselves to others of the same gender, but not opposite
2. Less relevant to members of collectivist cultures
3. Attribution processes |
|
|
Term
| If gender differences are, on average, small relative to within-gender variation, does that necessarily mean that the between gender differences are unimportant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should such issues as conscientiousness, mature ego defenses, lack of impulsiveness and social stability prove so important to health longevity? |
|
Definition
| Those characteristics predict longevity, about 30% less likely to die in any given year. |
|
|
Term
| What social conditions in present day society might encourage violence and evil? How might our society change so as to reduce violence? |
|
Definition
Seeing people as hostile, devaluing certain groups of people, having overly strong respect for authority and others.
Frustration of basic human needs and the development of destructive modes of need fulfillment. |
|
|
Term
| What does Staub mean by a needy-dependent perpetrator? What kind of people fall into this category? What personality characteristics do people of this category have? How do they acquire these personality characteristics? |
|
Definition
Someone has difficulty acting in the world and taking care of his needs. Finds a wife who was a parentified child and will take care of their children. When the children grow up the wife has withdrawals and distances herself sexually from her husband. The husband then begins to get affectionate with the daughter. Daughter becomes parentified. Father engages daughter sexually.
Shows how fulfillment of needs can be destructive. |
|
|
Term
| How should we change the way boys are raised? |
|
Definition
Encourage a level of self-esteem, constitute it in a different way, its fragility and sources all matter.
Expose them to less violent things (television, physical sports, aggressive peers etc.) |
|
|
Term
| What factors (in domains such as technology, government, economics, family patterns, culture) might account for the substantial increase observed over time in the average extraversion levels? |
|
Definition
| Birth Cohort: mobility increased, day care is more common, parenting less rule bound, economy increasingly moving toward service and away from industry |
|
|
Term
| What role might be played by increases in the average age of college students over the decades studied, or a reduction in the average ago of onset of puberty? |
|
Definition
| Narcissism, more extraverted? |
|
|
Term
| For bicultural individuals, what life experiences or personality characteristics might make it more likely that their two cultural identities would be compatible? |
|
Definition
| Openness, agreeableness, extraversion |
|
|
Term
| Does research on biculturalism appear to take a position on whether maintaining a cultural identity in addition to one's mainstream identity is fundamentally desirable or undesirable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mead claims that self-consciousness (in the sense of awareness of the self) arises only in the presence of conflict that causes disintegration of the organization of habit. Does this imply that, without conflict in social interaction, a person stagnates in his or her existing state? |
|
Definition
| Yes, because the growth of the self arises out of a partial disintegration of the organization of habit. |
|
|
Term
| What is the ideal balance between continuity and change in personality, avoiding the extremes of stagnation and volatility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Important role played by peers in the formation of identity, peers act as a social mirror |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Who we are and how we think of ourselves arises from our interactions with those around us (George Mead) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The need to share oneself with others in intimate ways, seen in the narrative approach |
|
|
Term
| Mischel's four personality variables |
|
Definition
1. Competencies
2. Encoding strategies
3. Expectancies
4. Plans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain cells that react in the same way both when the person acts and when the person sees another person act in the same way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency of personality to remain stable over time through consistency of interpretations, environments and reactions |
|
|
Term
| Two independent dimensions in the circumplex model |
|
Definition
Affiliation of warmth and harmony versus rejection and hostility
Assertiveness of dominance and task orientation versus submission and deference |
|
|
Term
| What is Turner's Syndrome |
|
Definition
| Only one X chromosome, female genitalia but fertile (no ovaries) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organized mental structures that delineate our understanding of the abilities of, appropriate behaviors of and appropriate situations for men and women |
|
|
Term
| Bem Sex Role Inventory classifications (4) |
|
Definition
1. Feminine
2. Masculine
3. Androgynous
4. Undifferentiated |
|
|
Term
| Bem suggests that the ______________ person would be most functional in a number of situations, being able to nurture, assertiveness, emotions etc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Controlling the behavior of others in order to meet their own needs |
|
|
Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
| People with serious problems of impulsive, self-destructive behavior; fragile self identity; and moody, stormy relationships |
|
|
Term
| Three scientific developments that will change psychology |
|
Definition
1. Brain biochemistry
2. Accurate control of environmental contingencies (social engineering)
3. Human genetic code |
|
|
Term
| What are the less effective means of control? |
|
Definition
| Coercion, fear and punishment |
|
|
