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Definition
| stiffening of the ossicles to prevent loud sounds from getting to the inner ear and boost amplitude of the middle frequencies |
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Definition
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Definition
| a change reaction in the neuron's membrane that moves the nerve impulse along the neuron |
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Definition
| signals traveling from the sense organs to the brain |
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Definition
| when a certain level of strength of a stimulus must be present before it will cause the nerve to fire- like pulling the trigger of a gun |
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Definition
| the physical displacement of the sound wave; the bigness of the wave perceived as loudness |
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Definition
| a mid-brain structure that is the processing center for laying down memories and habits as they travel to the cortex that processes sound input to the brain |
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Definition
| when the sound wave hits a porous surface the energy is stopped |
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Definition
| the portion of the cortex that processes sound input to the brain |
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Definition
| large group of neurons traveling from the inner ear to the brain |
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Term
| autonomic nervous function |
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Definition
| the involuntary nervous system that regulates vegetative functions like respiration, heart rate, body temperature regulation, etc. |
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Definition
| the part of the neuron that brings nerve impulse toward the cell body |
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Definition
| a thick membrane resting on the bottom of the cochlear duct and supporting the organ of Corti |
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Definition
| basic unit of duration dividing duration into equal segments |
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Definition
| occurs when two sound sources of slightly different frequencies are sounded together causing a fluctuation in perceived loudness occurs because of the alteration in constructive and destructive interference |
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Definition
| in the lower brain, it is an enlargement at the top of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| main portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus |
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Definition
| structure in the lower brain that coordinates motor movement |
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Definition
| the outer covering of the cerebellum; gray matter |
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Definition
| upper portion of the brain, which is divided into lobes and hemispheres |
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Definition
| snail-shaped structure in the inner ear; the organ of hearing, which functions as the transducer of mechanical energy into the electro-chemical energy of neuron transmission |
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Definition
| inner tube of the cochlea that runs through the center of the cochlea |
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Definition
| in sound propagation, the bunching together of air molecules |
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Definition
| when the changes in the cell are propagated quickly to neighboring areas |
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Definition
| melodic pattern of up and down movement separate from the perception of interval relationships, the shape of the melody |
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Definition
| the pathway of the auditory nerve that crosses at the mid-brain; strongest pathway from each ear |
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Definition
| the "big body;" the large band of neurons that connects the two hemispheres of the cortex |
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Definition
| one complete movement of the sound wave from point of rest to point of rest |
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Definition
| multiple, short nerve fibers extending from the cell body of the neuron |
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Definition
| the bending of sound wave around objects and the filling in behind the object |
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Definition
| how long a note is sounded in real time |
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Definition
| tube that focuses sound waves into the ear and acts as a closed pipe |
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Definition
| a delayed reflection that sounds like a new incident wave |
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Definition
| neural pathway that sends messages from the cortex back to the sense organs |
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Definition
| the natural tendency of a displaced body to return to the point of rest |
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Definition
| connects the middle ear to the oral cavity to equalize the air pressure in the middle ear |
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Definition
| the number of cycles of the wave occuring in one second, measured in Hertz (Hz) |
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Definition
| relationship of simultaneously sounding pitches, vertical pitch structure |
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Definition
| the process by which sound is transmitted from the environment to our brain |
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Definition
| the measurement system used to measure frequency or cycles per second |
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Definition
| a mid-brain structure, which is responsible for fear states, startle reactions, and general arousal; part of the limbic system |
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Definition
| part of the mid-brain and limbic system involved in regulating the autonomic nervous system functions, homeostasis of the body, endocrine system regulation, and mediation of survival behavior; part of pain/pleasure responses and depression |
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Definition
| the point of sound displacement or putting energy into the system in the sound envelop |
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Definition
| the third portion of the ear located deep in the head; divided into three parts: the vestibule, semi- circular canals and the cochlea |
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Definition
| occurs when waves from two different sources exist simultaneously in the same medium, resulting in the displacement that is the sum of the displacements produced by the individual waves. Causes change in loudness perception |
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Definition
| relationship between various pitches in a scale or melody |
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Definition
| the pathway of the auditory nerve that does not cross on its way to the brain; the weakest pathway from each ear |
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Definition
| when a stimulus causes transient changes in cell properties |
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Definition
| loose organization of mid-brain structures that generate and regulate emotional response and behavior |
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Definition
| propagated in air in the same direction as the vibrating source; found in compressible medium like springs and air columns |
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Definition
| the perception of amplitude |
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Definition
| movement of tones over time with particular relationships that create shape in space |
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Definition
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Definition
| the second portion of the brain that regulates emotion, motivation, and instinct; includes the limbic system |
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Definition
| a bony chamber filled with air containing three small bones |
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Definition
| the tendency of the displaced body to continue past the point of rest |
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Definition
| the organization of sound and silence for the purpose of human expression- (C. Hughes, 1948) and an acoustic event event involving specific combinations of sounds moving over time (Radocy & Boyle, 1997) |
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Definition
| overall design of the music, how the composition progresses |
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Definition
| the outer covering of the neuron |
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Definition
| the specialized cell of the nervous system |
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Definition
| brain chemicals that irritate neurons and begin a nerve impulse |
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Definition
| sound that is aperiodic and has inharmonic overtones |
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Definition
| in the inner ear, the organ of hearing composed of 30,000 audiocilia or hair cells |
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Definition
| three small bones of the middle ear; the hammer, the anvil, and stirrup |
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Definition
| stretched membrane serving as the barrier into the inner ear |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| the nervous system that allows for inhibition of excitement and promotes calm, sleep, rest, and healing and also regulates behavior and emotions |
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Definition
| the amount of time in seconds required for one cycle of the vibration to occur |
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Definition
| ability of motion to repeat indefinitely |
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Definition
| the outer folds of the ear located on either side of the head |
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Definition
| the perception of frequency |
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Term
| place theory of pitch perception |
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Definition
| the theory of how pitch perception is coded based on specific frequencies displacing the basilar membrane at a greater amplitude in response to a specific frequency because of resonance |
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Term
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Definition
| small pouch at the head of a dendrite, which is irritated by the neurotransmitters released by the pre-synaptic terminals |
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Definition
| the small pouch at the end of an axon containing neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| movement of sound through a medium |
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Definition
| the study of human musical behavior, including how we process sound, respond to music, and what is done with music |
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Definition
| in sound propagation, the pulling apart of air molecules creating a temporary vacuum |
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Definition
| when a sound wave hits a hard surface, it bounces back |
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Definition
| when a wave travels though a medium whose density changes slowly with distance causing the sound wave to bend and move in another direction |
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Definition
| whenever a system that can vibrate with a certain frequency is acted on from outside by a periodic disturbance that has the same frequency, vibrations of large amplitude can be produced in the system |
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Definition
| the frequency of the system at which it will vibrate the most easily |
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Term
| reticular activating formation |
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Definition
| area in the lower brain that functions to coordinate sensory input and motor tone and to alert the cortex to incoming information |
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Definition
| when sound reflections become smaller and smaller and closer together until they merge into a diffuse sound mixture |
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Definition
| the time required for the original sound to decay to the point of zero with no additional sound energy added |
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Definition
| the ordered characteristic of tonal succession |
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Definition
| combinations of various durations |
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Definition
| three loops in the inner ear filled with fluid and positioned on a different dimensional plane |
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Definition
| a graph of the simplest and least complex kind of vibration that exists in time and space |
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Definition
| in sound wave when the force of restoration is equal to the force of displacement; vibrates in equal distance on both sides of the point of rest |
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Definition
| flow of sodium through the myelin sheath causing a change in electrical charge of the sheath from positive to negative |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| nervous system that activates response |
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Definition
| the gap between the pre-synaptic terminal of the axon and the post-synaptic terminal of the dendrite |
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Definition
| a physical vibration perceived by someone or something. The term, sound, is a term of human perception |
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Definition
| graph of the decay curve of the sound |
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Definition
| decrease over time in amplitude of the vibration because of friction |
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Definition
| our sense of body position in space |
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Definition
| produced in a stretched string by the regular and repeated displacement of the stretched string, causing the waves to appear motionless |
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Definition
| the portion of the sound envelop where amplitude is constant |
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Definition
| the speed at which the beat occurs |
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Definition
| a mid-brain structure that is part of the limbic system functioning to receive information from the senses and relay that information into difference areas of the cortex |
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Definition
| quality of sound that distinguishes one tone from another even if they have the same pitch and loudness |
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Definition
| the anchor point, the reference point for the harmony |
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Definition
| altering the form of energy |
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Definition
| sound waves that move away from the displaced string at right angles to it in all three dimensions as a series of compressions and rarefactions through the air |
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Term
| tympanic membrane (ear drum) |
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Definition
| stretched membrane that is the barrier between the outer and middle ears |
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Definition
| our sense of balance, equilibrium, and orientation to gravity |
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Definition
| any to- and fro- movement, an oscillation |
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Definition
| how sound waves travel away from the source based on musical instrument construction |
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Definition
| the distance from any point in a wave to the corresponding point in the next wave |
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