Term
| Be familiar with the 10 guidelines for effective communication presented in class |
|
Definition
Focus on “I” statements.
Focus on the behavior, not the person.
Don’t make your partner mind read.
Be specific about what you want.
Focus feedback on the amount the recipient can process.
Go to bed mad.
Discuss problems in the appropriate place and time.
Pick your battles
But address problems if they’re important.
Give your partner positive feedback; don’t take him or her for granted. |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between passionate love and companionate love. Which is more likely to occur early in a relationship? |
|
Definition
Passionate love is a state of extreme absorption with and desire for another. It is characterized by intense feelings of tenderness, elation, anxiety, sexual desire, and ecstasy.
Companionate love is a less intense emotion than passionate love. It is characterized by friendly affection and a deep attachment that is based on extensive familiarity with the loved one. It involves a thoughtful appreciation of ones partner.
Passionate love is more likely to occur early in a relationship |
|
|
Term
| What are the three basic components of Sternberg’s theory of love? |
|
Definition
Passion
intamacy
commitment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| love characterized by passion and intimacy but no commitment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if intimacy and commitment exist without passion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when passion and commitment are present but without intimacy |
|
|
Term
| What type of love tends to decline over time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of love builds gradually over time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when romantic love, fatuous love, and companionate love are present . When all three components are present. |
|
|
Term
| According to the study of dating couples discussed on page 169 of the text, what types of love are predictive of relationship stability and longevity? |
|
Definition
| Intimacy and commitment was predictive of relationship stability and longevity. |
|
|
Term
| The euphoric intensity associated with passionate love may be due in part to the release of which type of neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine, dopamine, and especially phenylethylamine (PEA) |
|
|
Term
| Which type of drug are these neurotransmitters chemically similar to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anxiety, pain, and despair that follow the loss of a relationship are similar to what type of psycho pharmacological experience? |
|
Definition
| Similar to a person who is suffering withdraws from amphetamine addiction. |
|
|
Term
| Define the mere exposure effect. |
|
Definition
| A phenomenon in which repeated exposure to novel stimuli tends to increase an individuals liking for such stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Discuss how proximity and similarity are related to interpersonal attraction. |
|
Definition
Proximity: familiarity breeds liking or loving. Repeated exposure to novel stimuli gradually attracts us to it. People often meet each other in locations where they are engaging in activities that reflect common interest
similarity, people who fall in love often share common beliefs, values, attitudes, interests, and intellectual abilities. We also tend to pair romantically with people whose level of physical attractiveness is similar to our own. |
|
|
Term
| Is it true that opposites attract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regard to jealousy, of what traits are women most envious? |
|
Definition
| Partner's emotional involvement with another person |
|
|
Term
| In regard to jealousy, of what trait are men most envious? |
|
Definition
| His partner's sexual involvement with another. |
|
|
Term
| Discuss personality traits of people who are prone to jealousy. |
|
Definition
| Individuals who have a low opinion of themselves, people who see a large discrepancy between who they are and who they would like to be, people who are likely to have low self-esteem. People who place a high value on traits such as wealth, fame, popularity, and physical attractiveness. |
|
|
Term
| Are men or women more likely to report feeling jealous? |
|
Definition
| Women are more likely than men to acknowledge feeling jealous. |
|
|
Term
| Define Gottman’s Constructive Communication Tactics (leveling, editing, and validating) |
|
Definition
leveling involves stating our thought and feeling clearly, simply, and honestly preferably while using “I” language.
Editing means that we do not say things that we know would be hurtful to our partners, and that we limit our comments to information relevant to the issue at hand.
Validating involves telling our partners that, given their point of view, we can understand why they think or feel the way they do. |
|
|
Term
| Be familiar with the major points of paragraph entitled, “volatile Dialogue.” Is it healthy for couples in a long term relationship to argue? |
|
Definition
| Yes couples who do not argue are likely ignoring important issues that should be addressed rather than left to fester and erode happiness. |
|
|
Term
| How could never arguing in a relationship cause problems? |
|
Definition
| When problems are never discussed and resolved, both partners can harbor feelings of resentment and frustration that, when allowed to build over time, can drive a wedge between them. |
|
|
Term
| Many people fantasize about being forced into sexual activities. What are some reasons why men and women have these fantasies? |
|
Definition
| Provides an alternative to gender role expectations for men, for women offers sexual adventures free from the responsibility and guilt of personal choice. |
|
|
Term
| Many people fantasize about being forced into sexual activities. Are these fantasies more common among women who have been sexually abused? |
|
Definition
| No they are not an indication of having past forced sexual abusive fantasies |
|
|
Term
| Are men more likely to have submission or domination fantasies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are women more likely to have submission or domination fantasies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are erotic fantasies generally considered a healthy or unhealthy part of sexuality? |
|
Definition
| A healthy aspect of sexuality. |
|
|
Term
| How can erotic fantasies enhance a relationship? |
|
Definition
| People who feel less guilty about sexual fantasies during intercourse reported higher levels of sexual satisfaction and functioning than did other who felt more guilty about having sexual fantasies. Fantasizing privately can erode intimacy between partners. |
|
|
Term
| Can erotic fantasies ever be harmful to a relationship? |
|
Definition
| Yes if the partner doesn't know about them and kept private they are harmful, but also if the fantasies are based on pain abusing they can be detremental |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common reason people give for why they masturbate? |
|
Definition
| To relieve sexual tension. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how individuals could benefit from masturbation. |
|
Definition
| A valuable means of self exploration, a way to release tension and to become pleasantly at home with your own sexual organs. Learn the experience and feelings of orgasm. And increase ejaculatory control. |
|
|
Term
| Is it common for married people (or people in a committed relationship) to masturbate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it common for married people (or people in a committed relationship) to masturbate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is masturbation by a person in a committed relationship normal and healthy? |
|
Definition
| Yes, it can be considered a normal part of each partners sexual repertoire. People who engage in sexual activity with their partners more frequently than other individuals also masturbate more. |
|
|
Term
| Describe common self-pleasing techniques for men and women. |
|
Definition
Men: jerk it, lotion etc. also stroke the glans and frenulum or caress or tug the scrotum.
Women: hand provides circular, back and forth, or up and down movements against the mons and clitoral area. |
|
|
Term
| According to a 1998 survey of 10000 people in the U.S what is the national average of frequency of sexual activity? |
|
Definition
| Avg frequency of sexual activity is once a week. |
|
|
Term
| According to a 1998 survey of 10000 people in the U.S, how long did each typical “episode” last? |
|
Definition
| Lasting about half an hour. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rubbing one's genitals against anther’s body or genitals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oral stimulation of the vulva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oral stimulation of the penis |
|
|
Term
| Describe some of the dangers of anal intercourse and how to be safe during this sexual activity. |
|
Definition
| Vaginal infections, (rimming)=hepatitis, stds, w/o washing, Hiv |
|
|
Term
| Which is riskier in terms of STD transmission, anal or vaginal intercourse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is anal intercourse becoming more or less common among young people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it possible for women to report orgasmic response from anal intercourse? |
|
Definition
| Yes, because it has a dense groups of nerve endings that can repsond erotically. |
|
|
Term
| What sexual activity is more common among gay men oral or anal sex? |
|
Definition
| Among gay men, anal stimulation is less common than oral sex and mutual masturbation. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of women considers themselves to be exclusively gay? |
|
Definition
| 1.4% exclusively gay/lesbian |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of men considers themselves to be exclusively gay? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the population considers themselves to be exclusively heterosexual? |
|
Definition
| Greater than 90% of people “exclusively heterosexual” |
|
|
Term
| Describe Kinsey’s continuum of sexual orientation. |
|
Definition
0-6 based on both feelings of attraction and sexual behavior.
0 exclusively heterosexual with no homosexual
1 predominantly heterosexual only incidentally homosexual
2 predominantly heterosexual but more than incidentally homosexual
3 equally homosexual and heterosexual
4 predominantly homosexual but more than incidentally heterosexual
5 predominantly homosexual but incidentally heterosexual
6 exclusively homosexual with no heterosexual |
|
|
Term
| Define and recognize examples of the four different types of bisexuality described in the text (“True or real”, transitory, transitional, homosexual denial.) |
|
Definition
true or real: true 50/50
transitory temporary involvement by people who are actually heterosexual or homosexual. Same sex schools prison etc.
transition from bisexuality to homosexuality
homosexual denial |
|
|
Term
| Define the “ default myth” |
|
Definition
| experiences cause a person to become homosexual, their choice for people who have not had satisfactory heterosexual experiences and relationships. |
|
|
Term
| Define the “seduction myth” |
|
Definition
| young women and men become homosexual because they have been seduced by older homosexual people or because they have caught it from someone else. |
|
|
Term
| During high school, do gay people tend to date less frequently than heterosexual people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do most gay people tend to have their first sexual experience? During high school, do gay people report that they enjoyed dating as much as their heterosexual peers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is sexual orientation influenced by childhood experiences and relationships with parents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be determined from research examining Freud’s theory of sexual orientation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there differences in levels of circulation hormones (such as estrogen and androgen) between gay and straight ADULTS |
|
Definition
| some researchers have speculated that adult hormone levels contribute to sexual orientation, however no well controlled study has found a difference in circulating levels of sex hormones in adult homosexual or heterosexual men and women. |
|
|
Term
| Does some research suggest that prenatal hormone levels influence genital brain development and adult sexual behavior/orientation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do animals who have been given other-sex hormones prenatally behave? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Discuss the relationship between sibling order and sexual orientation in men. |
|
Definition
| Higher chance of homosexuality in youngest brother |
|
|
Term
| Define and be prepared to give examples of gender nonconformity. |
|
Definition
| A lack of conformity to stereotypical masculine and feminine behaviors |
|
|
Term
| Are gender nonconformity rates in childhood higher for gay individuals or straight individuals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do those who believe that homosexuals are “born that way” tend to be more or less accepting of homosexuality?(240) |
|
Definition
| research findings are inconsistent concerning how people who believe that homosexuals are born that way view homosexuality |
|
|
Term
| Discuss attitudes toward homosexuality in ancient Greece. |
|
Definition
| Homosexual relationships between men were considered a superior intellectual and spiritual expression of love, |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the role of homosexuality in the Sambian society of New Guinea. |
|
Definition
| Require all male members to engage in exclusively homosexual behaviors from approximately 7yrs old until the late teens or early 20s when men marry. they believe a boy becomes a strong warrior and hunter by drinking as much semen as possible from post pubertal boys penises. |
|
|
Term
| In the original American colonies, what would likely have happened to a person who was known to have engaged in homosexual behavior? (243) |
|
Definition
| condemned to death by drowning and burning. |
|
|
Term
| Summarize current Christian theological positions towards homosexuality? |
|
Definition
| Express a great range of convictions. Different denominations, and different groups within the same denomination, have taken different stances. In may mainstream denominations, groups are working to open their churches to gay and lesian parishioners and clergy, while fundamentalists in the same denominations oppose such inclusion. |
|
|
Term
| What are the only two Christian denominations that officially sanction same sex unions? |
|
Definition
| Unitarian universalist Association and the United Church of Christ. |
|
|
Term
| Do the American Psychiatric and American Psychological Association still categorize homosexuality as a mental illness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is therapy to change a person’s sexual orientation successful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is gay-affirmative therapy? |
|
Definition
| Therapy to help homosexual clients cope with negative societal attitudes. |
|
|
Term
| Discuss characteristics of individuals with negative attitudes toward homosexuality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are civil unions or gay marriage legally recognized in Wisconsin? |
|
Definition
| Civil unions banned, domestic partnership accepted, gay marriage banned. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of becoming aware of and disclosing one's homosexual identity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presenting a false image of being heterosexual |
|
|
Term
| Define the three steps in the coming out processes as discussed in the text. |
|
Definition
Self-acknowledgment, realization that she or he feels different form the mainstream heterosexual model
self acceptance, accepting one's homosexuality
disclosure, the decision to e secretive or open
telling the family, |
|
|
Term
| Discuss differences between gay men and lesbians in sexual attitudes and behavior. |
|
Definition
| Homosexual men and women differ in the average number of their sexual partners. Lesbians are likely to have had afar fewer sexual partners, an dlesian couples are much more likely than male couples to have monogamous relationships, lesbians associate emotional closeness with sex more than do gay men. |
|
|
Term
| Approximately what percentage of lesbian couples and gay men are raising children? |
|
Definition
| 33% lesbian and female bisexual couples and 22% of gay male bisexual couples are raising children. |
|
|
Term
| Summarize the current research examining children of gay or lesbian parents. |
|
Definition
| Most grow up as heterosexual, children of lesbian mothers are essentially no different from other children in terms of general development. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of people will eventually marry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average age of first marriage for men and women in the U.S? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Discuss the relationship between cohabitation and risk of divorce. |
|
Definition
| People who lived together before getting married report more difficulty in their marriages and are at greater risk of getting divorced than people who did not live together prior to marriage. |
|
|
Term
| What function has marriage traditionally served for societies and individuals? |
|
Definition
| Provides stable family units, functions as an economic partnership that integrates clid rearing performance of household tasks, and earning an income into one family unit. Defines inheritance rights to family property. |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of collectivist cultures. |
|
Definition
| India, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, the Middle East, emphasis group, or collective, goals over individual aspirations. |
|
|
Term
| How do collectivist cultures differ from individualist cultures? Describe how attitudes toward marriage differ between individualist and collectivist cultures. |
|
Definition
| Collective goal vs feelings of love as a basis for marriage. |
|
|
Term
| As collectivist cultures become more individualist, does marriage become more stable or less stable? In collectivist cultures, is intense love thought to enhance or weaken marriage? |
|
Definition
| Less stable, can be seen as a threat to the stability of the extended family. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a marriage between on man and several women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a marriage between one woman and several men |
|
|
Term
| Is polygamy or polyandry more common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Statistically, where would one find the highest rates of divorce in the U.S? |
|
Definition
Tennessee
Arkansas
Alabama
Oklahoma |
|
|
Term
| In general, have people’s expectation for marriage increased or decreased over the past century? Has society’s support of marriage increased or decreased? |
|
Definition
| Expectations increased while societies support decreased |
|
|
Term
| Review the section of the text entitles. “changing Expectations and Marital Patterns” |
|
Definition
| Expectations of marriage are increasing, and support for mariage is declining. Extended mailies and small communities have ecome less close-knit and supportive, placing increased demands on marriage to meet a variety of needs. 42% drop in marital satisfaction following the birth of a first child. |
|
|
Term
| Discuss marital patterns that Gottman’s research found were predictive of marital dissatisfaction. Gottman’s research found that lasting and happy marriages are characterized by a __to __ ration of positive to negative emotional interactions. |
|
Definition
| Quality of the freindship with their spouse |
|
|
Term
| According to NHSL survey, what percentage of married subjects reported that during the past years they had been monogamous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of couples reported having extramarital involvement at some time during their marriage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Discuss factors related to sexual infidelity. |
|
Definition
Factors related to sexual infidelity:
Age
Substance abuse
Having permissive sexual attitudes
Higher interest in sex
Having a job that requires travel
Living in a large city
Having weak ties to one’s partner’s friends or family
Low religious involvement
Spending lots of time apart from partner
Self-centeredness |
|
|
Term
| What effect has the internet had on extramarital relationships? |
|
Definition
| With access to the internet and websites specifically for those interested in extra marital affairs, the opportunity for an individual to develop intimate, secret relationships outside his or her committed relationship has taken on new dimensions. |
|
|
Term
| Be familiar with the statistics presented in the paragraph entitled, “divorce? |
|
Definition
| almost 96% of adults in the united states have married during their lifetime, but 43% of first marriages are predicted to end within 15 years. Leveled off since 1977 |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the relationship between age and divorce. |
|
Definition
| Age. The older couples are when they marry, the less likely they are to get divorced |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the relationship between education and divorce |
|
Definition
| Education and divorce are inversely related?(lower ed higher divorce) |
|
|
Term
| Discuss several explanations for the high divorce rate in the U.S. |
|
Definition
Increased expectations for maritaal and sexual fulfillment, which have caused people to be less willing to persist in unsatisfying marriages.
Comparative ease of obtaining no-fault divorces
people raised by divorced parents are more likely to divorce themselves |
|
|
Term
| Summarize men’s and women’s perceptions regarding the cause of their divorces. |
|
Definition
Women say:Husband’s problematic behavior, (Women initiate 2/3s of all divorces)
Men say: I don’t know? |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the reasons high SES individuals and low SES individuals give for explaining their divorces |
|
Definition
People with hi SES (socioeconomic status)
Lack of love and communication
Incompatibility
Spouse’s self-centeredness
People with low SES (socioeconomic status)
financial problems
abuse
drinking |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the feeling people tend to experience following a divorce. |
|
Definition
| Often comparable to the loss experienced when a loved one dies. |
|
|
Term
| After a divorce, when do the majority of divorced individuals become sexually active? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of people who are divorced will remarry within 3 years of the divorce. |
|
Definition
| Four out of 5 divorced people remarry, most within 3 years of the divorce |
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