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Definition
| video recorder/empiricism-blank slates, tabula rasa, Locke/ distal-proximal stimuli Berkeley |
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Definition
| 3D, real object in outside world |
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Definition
| sensory detection defined in terms of stimulus intensities |
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Definition
| 2D, retinal image of distal stimulus |
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Definition
| categorizes and interprets sensory info, nativism - innate, Kant |
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Definition
| mind organizes sensory info into innate preexisting categories: space spatial, time temporal, causality |
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| how the world as it is is linked to the world we perceive it to be |
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Definition
| Smallest quantity detected |
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Definition
| smallest change detected/ depends on proportional not absolute differences |
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| jnd (Just Noticeable Difference) |
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Definition
| smallest difference between stimuli an organism can detect |
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Definition
| (jnd) allows us to compare sensitivities of different sensory modalities (vision w/ hearing) change in stimulus intensity/standard intensity required to produce a jnd |
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Definition
| (jnd) relationship between physical intensity of the stimulus and psychological intensities of the experience produced by the stimulus |
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Definition
perceiving or not a stimulus is a judgement about whether a momentary sensory experience is due to background noise alone or plus a signal
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Yes
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no
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Present
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Hit
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Miss
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Absent
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False alarm
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Correct neg
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*see their perceptual sensitivity & decision criteria
* diff b/c personal traits and experiences & payoff matrix(cost/benefit)
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Term
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Definition
whether a light is green, red
neural signal interpreted by the brain |
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Definition
| 1st step in sensation/ physical stimulus is converted in neural signal |
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Definition
| magnitude of the stimulus - diff b/in bright and dim light/ rate of firing by neurons and # of neurons triggered by stimulus |
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aspect of sensory coding:
Sensory Quality |
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Definition
| quality of physical stimulus (bright, hue, pitch) |
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| Difference b/in sense modalities |
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Definition
| see/hear, stimulation of different nerves |
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| Differences w/in sense modalities |
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Definition
| red/green/ stimulation of sensory neurons |
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Definition
| sensation of pain involves specific neurons sending messages |
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Definition
| stimulus quality sent along specific pattern of firing |
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Definition
| sensitivity to stimulus decreases if it's continually presented |
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Definition
| sensations coming from receptors in muscles, tendons, joints/ movement & space orientation |
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Definition
| signals movement of the head/ body position (which way's up and down) and movement ( constant speed or accelerating) |
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Definition
in semicircular canals in inner ear: motion->inner fluid movement->bends hair cells (semicircular canal)->sends signals to brain about head's movement
dizziness if drinking to much; firm basis for vision |
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Definition
| Pressure, temperature, pain |
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Definition
| receptors respond to sustained pressure, very low freq vibrations, faster vibrations, downward pressure |
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Definition
| receptors fire when temp high or low |
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Definition
caused by activation in nociceptors (w/ bare nerve endings) respond to tissue damage and temp extremes
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Term
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Definition
A delta fibers: rapid transmission of info - just injured
C fibers - unmyelinated - slow |
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Definition
| natural internal painkillers |
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Definition
triggered by: counterirrigation: 1) painful sensations fro 1 part of the body trigger gate and decrease sensitivity to pain elsewhere
2) beliefs and emotions |
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Definition
| mucous membrane at top of nasal cavity (10 mil of olfactory receptor neurons) |
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Definition
| molecules produce response in oflactory receptors |
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Definition
w/in olfactory bulb (beneath frontal lobes) axon coverage after exiting the nasal cavity; each receives input from 1 receptor (1000)
explained by pattern not specificity theory |
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Definition
| recognition of others, communiation, mating, menstrual synchrony |
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Definition
| molecules found in substances that trigger receptor cells (on tongue); carried from substance to receptor cells via fluid |
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Definition
| bumps that contain hundreds of taste buds, each containing 100+ receptor cells; genes influence the # of papillae a person is born w/ |
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Definition
| series of pressure variations in air caused by movement agitates air particles surrounding the object |
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| auditory receptors->neural response->hearing |
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Definition
| height;determines intensity/loudness of sound/ 0db average detection threshold/ loudess doubles each time intensity increases by 10db |
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Definition
| how wide/determines hue and pitch/ |
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Term
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Definition
| crests/ sec, determines pitch/ hz/ 20-20000 hz hearing/ 2x freq=one octave diff |
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Definition
| motion oval window->cochlear fluid->vibrations basilar membrane->bend hair cells-> cause ion channels-> trigger neural impulse |
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Definition
| collects sound waves from air and directs to eardrum |
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Definition
| tight membrane at the end of auditory canal, transmits vibrations caused by sound waves across middle ear |
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Definition
| antechamber to inner ear, amplifies sound produced vibrations of eardrum and transfers to oval window/ this sound amplification is accomplished by auditory ossicles |
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Definition
| membrane separates middle from inner ear, helps amplify the sound sent to the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| actual transduction takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| coiled structure in inner ear that contains basilar membrane whose deformation stimulates the auditory receptors |
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Term
| Vision: amplitude, frequency, wavelenght |
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Definition
- light traveles in wave sand varies in 2 physical dimensions:
* amplitude - height, determines brightness
* frequency-determines hue
* wavelength - determines hue and measured in nm
visible spectru, 360-750nm
400violet, 700red
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Term
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Definition
| transduce light energy into nerual impulses at the back of the retina |
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Definition
| layer of tissue at the back of interior of eye that has photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglion cells |
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Definition
| image projected on the retina |
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Definition
| smooth, circular muscle, opening through which light enters the eye/ contracts and dilates |
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Definition
| transparent outer covering that bends light rays |
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Definition
| Bends retina/ focuses light rays for objects at varying distances |
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Definition
cones: 6 mil, color
rods: achromatic, 120mil |
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Definition
| neural cells in retina, stimulated by photoreceptors excite ganglion cells |
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Definition
| stimulated by bipolar cells; its axons converge to form the optic nerve |
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Definition
| send visual signals to the brain |
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Term
| Lateral geniculate nucleus |
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Definition
| in thalamus; signals fro optic nerve are sent here, and from here to visual cortex in occipital lobe |
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Definition
| no photoreceptors; axons of ganglion cells exit eye on their way to the lateral geniculate nucleus |
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Definition
| allows transduction of light energy into neural signal/ rods: rhodopsin breaks down more rapidly in response to light |
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Definition
| exaggerated physical differences in light intensities of 2 adjacent regions |
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Definition
relies on brightness contrast - allows us to see the edges b/in objects more clearly/ mach bands and lateral inhibition
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Definition
| accentuated edges b/in 2 adjacent regions |
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Definition
| making edges easier to detect |
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Definition
| 465 blue, 500 green, 570 yellow |
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Definition
black from white: achromatic colors: b/w, gray
chromatic colors: vary in hue and brightness, 7 mil shades detected |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
3 cones short medium long - blue green red
trichromatic |
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| Simultaneous color contrast |
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Definition
| gray patch will look blue if surrounded by yellow |
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| Pairing complimentary colors will produce white |
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Definition
| red and green, blue and yellow |
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Definition
| 8% male, 0.03% femlale red/green most common |
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Definition
| retinal area in which visual stimulation affects a particular cell's firing rate |
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