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| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| Difference between Psychiatrists and Psychologists |
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| Psychiatrists are the only type of Psychologist that can prescribe medicine |
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| Major concept of Gestalt Psychology |
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Definition
An approach to Psychology that focuses on the organization of perception and thiking in a "whole" sense rather than on the individual elements of perception
Linked to Hermann Ebbinghaus and Max Wertheimer |
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| Psychodynamic Perspective |
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Definition
The approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control
Linked to Sigmund Freud |
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| Three main goals of Psychology |
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Definition
| Describe, predict, and explain human behavior |
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| Types of descriptive Research |
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Definition
- Archival Research
- Naturalistic Observation
- Survey Research
- The Case Study
- Correlational Research
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| Research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis |
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| Research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation |
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| Research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes |
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| An in-depth, intsensive investigation of an individual or small group of people |
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Research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or "correlated"
Always between -1 and +1
+/- .80 or higher - strength
0 = No relationship
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Definition
Theories - Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest
Hypothesis - A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested |
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| The translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed |
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Any mental activity that takes concerted effort
Complex mental processes
Top part of brain |
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Definition
Tells information received in the brain where to go
Located in the middle of the central core of the brain |
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Memory and learning
Looks like earpiece right above ear |
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Fear and aggression
Tip of earpiece along with Hippocampus |
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Relaxing, sleep, dreaming
Below earpiece part |
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Largely unconscious functions
-Breathing, circulations
Connected and below the Pons |
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Definition
*Parietal lobe - mental images
*Occipital lobe - vision
*Temporal lobe - hearing and speech recognition
*Frontal lobe - voluntary movement, emotions and social inhibitions |
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| The study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them |
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| The smalles intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected |
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The smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred
(Just noticeable difference) |
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| A basic law of psychophysics stating that a just noticeable difference is in constant proportion to the intensity of an initial stimulus |
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| An adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli |
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| Functions of cones and rods |
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Definition
Receptor cells in the eyes
Cones = color, Rods = black and white
2 pairs of Cones: blue+yellow & red+green |
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| Functions of semi-circular canals and otoliths |
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Definition
semi-circular canals-3 tubelike structures of the inner ear containing fluid that signals rotational or angular movement to the brain
otoliths - crystals inside the semi-circular canals that sense body acceleration |
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| Sweet, salty, sour, bitter |
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| Chemical that is released when a cell is damaged which transmits pain messages to the brain |
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Touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
Visceral pain - organ pain
Somatic pain - pain in skin, muscles, tendons, joints |
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Definition
| Sleep occupying 20% of an adult's sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; erections; eye movements; and the experience of dreaming |
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| Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory |
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Definition
| Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled |
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Definition
| According to Freud, the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects |
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| Dreams-for-survival Theory |
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| The theory suggesting that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep |
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| Activation Synthesis Theory |
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Definition
| Hobson's theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories lodged in various portions of the brain |
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Definition
| Uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short periods while a person is awake. No matter what the person is doing the person will suddenly fall asleep |
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Definition
Does not work against drug or alcohol abuse
Controlling pain
Reducing smoking
Treating psychological disorders
Assisting in law enforcement
Improving athletic performance |
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| Addictive drugs vs ordinary medication |
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Definition
| Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases, may be nearly irresistable |
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| Pavlov-Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
Neutral Stimulus paired with Unconditioned Response to turn into Conditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus is used to bring about a response without having been learned
Neutral Stimulus turns into Conditioned Stimulus |
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| Conditioned Stimulus vs Unconditioned Stimulus |
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Definition
Unconditioned Stimulus brings about a natural response that subject is to learn (bell)
Conditioned Stimulus is the once Neutral Stimulus that now brings about the learned response without the need of the Unconditioned Stimulus (dog food) |
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| Little Albert-conditioned fear of rats |
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Definition
| John B Watson made experiment using classical conditioning making baby Little Albert scared of rats |
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Definition
| The process that occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus; the more similar the two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur |
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Definition
| The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning |
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| Skinner-Operant Conditioning |
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| Learing in which a voluntary resonse is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences |
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Definition
Positive reinforcer - adding something good to increase the desired behavior
Negative reinforcer - taking away something unpleasant to increase the desired behavior |
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Positive punishment - adding something negative to decrease a behavior
Negative punishment - taking away something positive to decrease a behavior |
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The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
(Training in steps) |
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| The initial process of recording information in a form usable to memory |
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| Material in memory storage has to be located and brought into awareness to be useful |
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| The initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant |
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Putting 7 items together to better memorize information
Can remember 7+/-2 items |
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| Declarative/Semantic vs Episodic memory |
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Declarative-memory for factual information
Semantic-memory for general knowledge about the world
Episodic-memory for events |
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| The loss of information in memory due to non-use |
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| Representations in the mind that resemble the object or event being represented |
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| Categorizations of objects, events, or people that share common properties |
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| Typical, highly representative examples of a concept |
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A rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem
A cognitive shortcut that may lead to a solution |
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| Ill-defined vs Well-defined |
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The specific nature of the problem may be unclear as well as the information required to solve the problem
Both the nature of the problem itself and the information needed to solve it are available and clear |
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