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Definition
| Research does not support idea that PR are dysfunctional |
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Definition
Genetic variations of MAOA enzyme associated with preferences for neophilia
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Definition
| Celebrities mispercieved as part of social network |
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Definition
Children exposed to pro content:
Behave more altruistically
Showed higher levels of social control
Acted more positivly
Became less stereotyped in beliefs |
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Definition
| Artificial situations, little evidence of real-world violence |
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Definition
| No increase in aggression after introduction of TV |
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Definition
| Walkie talkie acted as cue for aggression |
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Definition
| The fact that children get used to screen violence does not mean they get used to real-life violence |
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Definition
| Unpredictable link between violent TV and aggression |
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Definition
| No evidence for link between violent game play and aggression |
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Definition
| Concluded no persuasive body of evidence for link |
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Term
| Morton and Campbell (2008) |
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Definition
| Children reported more favourable attitudes when message from expert (doctor) than a parent |
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Definition
| Fear-arousing messages on drink-driving more persuasive in short-term, but humerous more persuasive long term |
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Definition
| Changing nature of message can overcome audience limitations |
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Definition
| Support for clain that central route more effective for high-NC individuals |
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Term
| Di Blasio and Milani (2008) |
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Definition
| CMC condition less distracted by context, message more influential |
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Term
| Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) |
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Definition
| $1 reward produced more dissonance than $20 reward |
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Definition
| Act of rejecting another conflicts with the motive to affiliate |
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Term
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Definition
| People tolerant with inconsistency and only motivated to change if it is unpleasent and feel personally responsible |
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Definition
| Dissonance occurs automatically without conscious reflection |
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Definition
| People infer their attitudes by observing their own behaviour |
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Definition
| Meta analysis found strong positive correlation between age and understanding of the intention to persuade |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| T.V exposure of paracetamol overdose in Casualty led to greater awarness of viewers |
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Definition
| Successful health-related attitude change due to TV campaign on alcahol awarness, HIV/Aids and skin cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/3 of sample scored above midpoint of CAS, most at entertainment social level |
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Definition
| Stalkers show more evidence of insecure attachment |
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Term
| Explanations of media influences |
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Definition
Same number of prosocial to anti social acts on TV
Younger children less able to understand prosocial messages
Parental mediation effective
TV for preschool contained little pro messages
Strongest for preschool, less for adolescants
Discussion does not always work
Mixing messages reduces effectivness |
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Term
Influences on antisocial behaviour
Observational learning |
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Definition
Children observe actions of models, may imitate
More likely to imitate if percieved as real
Bandura (1963) - aritificial situation little evidence of real life
St Helena-No increase in aggression after intro of TV |
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Term
Influences on antisocial behaviour
Cognitive priming |
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Definition
Activates existing aggressive feelings
Frequent exposure leads to stored scrips for violent behaviour
Josephson(1987) - Walkie-talkie acted as cue for aggression |
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Term
Influences on antisocial behaviour
Desensitisation |
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Definition
Media violence desensitises children
Represents violence as 'normal'
Cumberbatch (2001) - fact that chidren get used to on screen violence does not mean they get used to real life violence |
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Term
Influences on antisocial behaviour
Arousal |
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Definition
Heavy TV violence viewers, lower arousal levels
Dont react in normal way to violence
Excitation -transfer violence creates readiness to aggress
Catharsis - watching violence releases emotions |
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Term
Influences on antisocial behaviour
Justification |
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Definition
Violent TV may justify behaviour
Unpunished TV violence decreases concerns about own behaviour
Negative effects of exposure to violent characters on TV supports justification model
Belson (1978) - unpredictable link between violent TV and aggression |
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Term
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Definition
ST increase hostility
Aggression not measured directly |
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Term
| Explanations of games aggression link |
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Definition
Bi-directional model-violent gameplay may cause aggression
Desensitisation - less likely to show aversive response to violence in real life after violent gameplay
Interactive media more likely to have influence than passive media
Ferguson (2007) - no evidence for link between violent game play and aggression
Byron report (2008) - no persuasive body of evidence for link |
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Term
Celebrity attraction
Social-psychological explanations
Parasocial relationships |
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Definition
PR - individual attracted to celebrity, unaware and no risk
Can raise self-esteem
Person can imagine what celebrity would do in similar situation |
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Term
Celebrity attraction
Social-psychological explanations
Absorbtion-addiction model |
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Definition
McCutcheon et al (2002)
Entertainment-social:entertained
Intense-personal: Obsessive tendancies
Borderline-pathological:uncontrollable behaviours
Intense-personal associated with neuroticism
Borderline-pathologial associated with psychoticism |
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Term
Celebrity attraction
Evolutionary explanations |
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Definition
Humans have neophilia
Celebs represent creative world so we are attracted to them
Exchange of social info useful for adults
Shiraishi et al (2006) - genetic variations of MAOA enzyme associated with preferences for neophilia
De backer (2007) - Celebs mispercieved as part of social network, explaining interest in gossip |
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Term
Intense fandom
Celebrity worship |
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Definition
Measured: Celebrity attitude scale
Maltby (2003) 1/3 scored above midpoint of CAS, most at entertainment social
Celeb worship associated with lower levels of academic work and lower well-being
Parasocial bereavement-celeb dies
Higher self-esteem if celeb has positive impact on life
Can copy bad behaviour (suicide) |
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Term
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Definition
Love-obsessional stalkers may suffer from delusional thoughts
Simple-obsessional, stalkers distinguished by previous target
Cyberstalking - texts, emails
Impact can cause anxiety, sleep disturbances
Cyberstalking taken less seriousely, no impact on victim |
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Term
| Video games and computers |
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Definition
ST aggression increases hostile feelings
Aggression not measured directly |
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Term
Video games and computers
Explanations |
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Definition
Bi-directional model - violent game play may cause aggression, or aggressive people more likely to choose violent game play
Desensitisation - less likely to show aversive response to violence in real life, after violent game play
Interactive media more likely to have influence than passive
Ferguson (2007) no evidence for link between violent game play and aggression
Byron report (2008) concluded no persuasive body of evidence for link
Researchers cant measure 'real life' aggression
Longitudinal studies overcome weaknesses off experiment, but cant control for experience |
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Term
Persuasion and attitude change
Hovland-yale model |
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Definition
Source factors:Experts more effective, credible
Popular sources more effective
Message factors: more effective if we think no intent to persuade
Audience factors: Low-intelligence audience less likely to be influenced
Both sides of argument more effective
Morton and Campbell (2008) - children more favourable attitudes when message from doctor than parent
Lewis et al (2008) - fear messages better ST, Humerous messages better LT
Igartua et al (2003) - Changing nature of message overcomes limitations of audience |
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Term
Attitudes and decision making
Cognitive dissonance
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Definition
Inconsistency creates dissonance
Reduced by: Changing attitude, behaviour and adding 3rd cognition
Post-decisional dissonance reduced by avoiding info
Lack of choice lead to no dissonance
Zhou et al (2008) act of rejecting another conflicts with motive to affiliate
Cooper and Fazio (1984) people tolerant of inconsistencyy and only motivated to change if unpleasent
Lieberman et al (2001) dissonance occurs automatically without reflection |
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Term
Effectiveness of television
Advertising |
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Definition
Hard sell(factual)
Soft cell(subtle)
High self-monitors prefer soft
Low-self monitors prefer hard
Martin(1997) meta-analysis found strong positive correlation between age and understanding persuasive intent
Nash (2001) pester power study
Hume(1992) celeb endorsement did not increase persuasive comm of adverts
Difficult to determine impace of exposure to commercial TV because of parental mediation
Cinema adv. more ffective than TV as audience can leave the room in TV |
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Term
Persuasion and attitude change
Elaboration-likelihood |
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Definition
Central route to persuasion - audience motivated to focus on message, produces lasting attitude change
Some high in need for cognition choose this route
Peripheral route - audience not motivated to think about message, temporary attitude change
Haugtvedt et al (1992) support for claim that central route more effective for high-NC ind.
High NC more influenced by fact based, low NC emotional based
Di Blasio and Milani (2008) CMC condition less distract by context, message more influential |
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Term
Attitudes and decision making
Self-perception theory |
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Definition
Bem(1967) people infer attitudes by obersving own behaviour
Own version of Festinger and Carlsmith-consistent with self-perception theory
Holland et al (2002) weak attitude towards greenpeace-donated money-stronger attitude
Used in heterosocial anxiety
CD accounts for situations where well-established attitudes are inconsistent with behaviour, self-perception where attitudes are weak/less important |
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Term
Effectiveness of television
Health related behaviour change |
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Definition
Media most effective in health campaigns-wide exposure
Fictional drama impacts public
Hawton et al (1999) TV exposure of paracetamol overdose in Casualty led to greater awareness
HDA study (2007) successful health-related attitude change due to TV campaign, alcahol HIV/Aids
Audience sees Casualty as factional knowledge, even if they can determine fiction from factual |
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