Term
|
Definition
| (1) In Pavlovian conditioning, the regular appearance of the CS alone-i.e. without the US. (2) in operant learning, the regular appearance of a behavior alone-i.e. not followed by a reinforcer. (Cf. forgetting.) |
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Term
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Definition
| (n.) Any stimulus an animal or person will avoid, given the opportunity to do so; any stimulus the removal of which is reinforcing; (adj.) characterizing an event that is likely to be avoided. Note that the word is aversive, not adversive. |
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Term
| Simultaneous conditioning |
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Definition
| A Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which the CS and US coincide exactly. That is, the CS and US begin and end at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which the CS and US overlap. The CS is presented before the US, but continues after the US appears. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which the CS begins and ends before the US is presented. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which the US precedes the CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chaining procedure in which training begins with the first link in the chain and adds subsequent links in order. (Cf. backward chaining.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chaining procedure in which training begins with the last link in the chain and adds preceding links in reverse order. (Cf. forward chaining.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in behavior due to experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules alternate, with each schedule associated with a particular stimulus. (Cf. mixed schedule) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules are available at the same time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules neither associated with a particular stimulus, alternate. (Cf ,multiple schedule.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A compound reinforcement schedule that consists of a series of simple schedules, each of which is associated with a particular stimulus, with reinforcement delivered only on completion of the last schedule in the series. (Cf. tandem schedule.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A compound reinforcement schedule that consists of a series of simple schedules, with reinforcement delivered only on completion of the last schedule in the series. In a tandem schedule, the simple schedules are not associated with different stimuli. (Cf. chain schedule.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the intensity of probability of a reflex response resulting from repeated exposure to a stimulus that evokes that response. Habituation is perhaps the simplest form of learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the strength of a behavior due to ins consequences. As a procedure, it means providing consequences for a behavior that decrease the strength of that behavior. (Cf.positive punishment; negative punishment; reinforcement.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the strength of an observed behavior following punishment of that behavior in a model. (Cf vicarious punishment.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A dependency between events. An event may be stimulus-contingent (dependent on the appearance of a behavior.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A discrimination training procedure in which the task is to select from two or more comparison stimuli the one that matches a sample. Abbreviated MTS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of counterconditioning in which a CS is paired with an aversive US, often a nausea-inducing drug. |
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Term
| Differential reinforcement of low rate |
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Definition
| A form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior is reinforced only if it occurs no more that a specified number of times in a given period. Abbreviated DRL. |
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Term
| Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior |
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Definition
| A form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior that is different from an undesired behavior is systematically reinforced. The procedure provides an alternative way of obtaining reinforcement. Abbreviated DRA. |
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Term
| Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior |
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Definition
| A form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior that is incompatible with an unwanted behavior is systematically reinforced. Abbreviated DRI. |
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Term
| Escape-avoidance learning |
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Definition
| A form of negative reinforcement in which the subject first learns to escape, and then to avoid, an aversive. |
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Term
| Errorless discrimination training |
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Definition
| A form of operant discrimination training in which the S is introduced in very weak form and gradually strengthened. The usual result is that discrimination is achieved with few or no errors. Also called the Terrace procedure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A graphic record of behavior, each point of which reflects the total number of times a behavior has been performed as of that time. (Cf. cumulative recorder.) |
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Term
| Paired associate learning |
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Definition
| A learning task involving pairs of words or other stimuli in which the subject is presented with the first item of a pair and is expected to produce the second item. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of measuring forgetting by comparing the rate of extinction after a retention interval with the rate of extinction immediately after training. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of measuring forgetting in which a behavior is learned to criterion before and after a retention interval. The less training required compared to the initial training , the less forgetting has occurs. Also called the savings method.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of measuring forgetting in which a behavior is tested for generalization before and after a retention interval. A flattening of the generalization gradient indicates forgetting. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of measuring forgetting in which hints (prompts) about the behavior to be performed are provided. Also called cued recall (Cf. free recall.) |
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Term
| Delayed matching to sample |
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Definition
| A method of measuring forgetting in which the opportunity to match a sample follows a retention interval. Abbreviated DMTS. (Cf. matching to sample.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of measuring forgetting in which the subject is required to identify stimuli (e.g., images, words) experienced earlier. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A method of measuring forgetting that consists of providing the opportunity to perform the learned behavior. (Cf. prompted recall.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A motivating operation that decreases the effectiveness of a consequence (a reinforcer or punisher). |
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Term
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Definition
| A motivating operation that increases the effectiveness of a consequence (a reinforcer or punisher.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter that produces a natural "high" and is thought to play a major role in reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pause in responding following reinforcement; associated primarily with FI and FR schedules. Also called pre-ratio pause or between-ratio pause. |
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Term
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Definition
| A period during which learning or practice of a behavior does not occur. In research on forgetting, the retention interval is often the time between the end of training and testing for forgetting. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure for reducing extraneous differences among subtexts in between-subjects experiments by matching those in the experimental and control groups on specified characteristics such as age, sex, and weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure in which two neutral stimuli are paired, after which one is repeatedly paired with a US. If the other stimulus is then presented alone, it may elicit a CR even though it was never paired with the US. |
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Term
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Definition
| A punishment procedure or experience in which a behavior is followed by the presentation of, or an increase in the intensity of, a stimulus. Also called type 1 punishment. (Cf.negative reinforcement.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A punishment procedure or experience in which a behavior is followed by the removal of, or a decrease in the intensity of, a stimulus. Also called type 2 punishment or penalty training. (Cf. positive punishment.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A reflex acquired through Pavlovian conditioning consisting of a conditional stimulus and a conditional response. (Cf. unconditional reflex.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A reflex that is largely innate (i.e., not the product of experience). An unconditional response. (See reflex; conditional reflex.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement procedure or experience in which a behavior is followed by the presentation of, or an increase in the intensity of, a stimulus. Sometimes called reward learning, although the term reward is problematic. (Cf.negative reinforcement.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A reinforcement procedure or experience in which a behavior is followed by the removal of, or a decrease in the intensity of, a stimulus. Sometimes called escape learning. (Cf. positive reinforcement; punishment. |
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Term
| Noncontingent reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
| A reinforcement procedure or experience in which a behavior is followed by the removal of, or a decrease in the intensity of, a stimulus. Sometimes called escape learning. (Cf. positive reinforcement; punishment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. Abbreviated CRF. (Cf.intermittent schedule.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following a specified interval since the last reinforcement. Abbreviated FL. (Cf variable ratio schedule.) |
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Term
| Variable interval schedule |
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following a specified interval since the last reinforcement. Abbreviated FL. (Cf variable ratio schedule.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which every nth performance of a behavior is reinforced. Abbreviated FR. (Cf. variable ration schedule.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the behavior of two or more individuals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for a fixed period of time. Abbreviated FD (Cf . Variable interval schedule.) |
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Term
| Variable duration schedule |
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for a period of time, with the length of the time varying around an average. Abbreviated VD. (Cf. fixed duration schedule.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered independently of behavior at fixed intervals. Abbreviated FT. (Cf. extinction.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered independently of behavior at fixed intervals. Abbreviated FT. (Cf. extinction.) |
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Term
| Progressive ratio schedule |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which the requirement for reinforcement typically increases in a predetermined way, often immediately following each reinforcement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which the requirements for reinforcement increase systematically. (See progressive ratio schedule.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which, on average every nth performance of a behavior is reinforced. Abbreviated VR. (Cf. fixed ratio schedule.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A relationship between a specific event and a simple, response to that event. The term usually refers to an unconditional reflex. (Cf. unconditional reflex; conditional reflex.) |
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Term
| Within-subject experiment |
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Definition
| A research design in which the independent variable is made to vary at different times for the same subject. Thus, each subject serves as both an experimental and control subject. Also called single-subject or single-case experiment. (Cf. between subjects experiment.) |
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Term
| Schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| A rule describing the delivery of reinforcers for a behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of related acts found in all or nearly all members of a species. Also called fixed action pattern. Formerly called instinct. (Cf general behavior trait.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A series of related behaviors, the last of which produces reinforcement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A situation in which reinforcement is available but the behavior necessary to produce it is not. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A stimulus in the presence of which a behavior will be reinforced. Pronounced ess-dee. Sometimes represented as S+ (Cf. S) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A stimulus in the presence of which a behavior will not be reinforced. Pronounced ess-delta. Sometimes represented as S- (Cf. SD.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A stimulus that elicits an unconditional response. Often called an unconditioned stimulus. Abbreviated US. (Cf. conditional stimulus.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A study in which he researcher attempts to describe a group by obtaining data from its members. In behavioral research the data often consists of replies to surveys or questionnaires. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A study in which the researcher measures the effects of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sudden increase in the rate of behavior during the early stages of extinction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A term used to refer to the strength of a reinforced behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of within-subject experiment in which behavior is observed in the absence of the independent variable (A), in the presence of the independent variable (B), and then again in the absence of the independent variable (A). Sometimes the B condition is restored, thereby creating an ABAB design. The experimental manipulation is often referred to as an intervention. |
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|
Term
| Higher-order conditioning |
|
Definition
| A variation of Pavlovian conditioning in which a neutral stimulus is paired, not with a US, but with a well established CS |
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Term
|
Definition
| A variation of matching to sample in which reinforcement is available for selecting the comparison stimulus that is different from the sample. Also called oddity matching. |
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|
Term
| Compensatory response theory |
|
Definition
| A variation of the preparatory response theory that proposes that the CR prepares the organism for the US by compensating for its effects. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An apparatus (or software) that records every occurrence of a behavior, thereby producing a cumulative record. (Cf. cumulative record.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| An area of the brain that, when stimulated, reinforces behavior. Also called reward center or reward circuit. It is thought to be key to the neurological basis of reinforcement. |
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|
Term
| Sidman avoidance procedure |
|
Definition
| An escape-avoidance training procedure in which no stimulus regularly precedes the aversive stimulus. Also called unsignaled avoidance. |
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|
Term
| Between-subjects experiment |
|
Definition
| An experimental design in which the independent variable is made to vary across two or more groups of subjects. (Subjects are now often called participants.) Also called between-treatment or group experiment. (Cf. within-subject experiment.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| An increase in the strength of a behavior due to its consequences. As a procedure, it means providing consequences for a behavior that increase or maintain the strength of that behavior. (Cf.positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement; punishment.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| An increase in the strength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model.(Cf vicarious punishment.) |
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|
Term
| Simultaneous discrimination training |
|
Definition
| An operant discrimination training procedure in which the SD and S are presented at the same time. (Cf.successive discrimination training.) |
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|
Term
| Successive discrimination training |
|
Definition
| An operant discrimination training procedure in which the SD and S are presented one after the other in random sequence. (Cf. simultaneous discrimination training.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Another name for Pavlovian conditioning, which see. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any abrupt change in a gene. When the modified gene occurs in a reproductive cell, the mutation may be passed on to offspring. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any behavior that occurs repeatedly even though it does not produce the reinforcers that maintain it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any class (i.e., group, category) the members of which share one or more defining features. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any consequence of a behavior that decreases the strength of that behavior. (Cf. enforcer.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any device for aiding recall. Typically they involve learning cues that will later prompt recall. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any event that affects, or is capable of affecting, behavior. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Any general behavioral tendency that is strongly influenced by genes. Examples include introversion and general anxiety. (Cf.modal action pattern.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any graphic representation of generalization data. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any of several reinforcement schedules in which a behavior is sometimes reinforces. Also called partial reinforcement.(Cf. continuous reinforcement.) |
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|
Term
| Differential reinforcement |
|
Definition
| Any operant training procedure in which certain kinds of behavior are systematically reinforced and others are not. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any procedure for establishing a discrimination. Discriminations can be established through both Pavlovian and operant procedures. Operant procedures include simultaneous and successive discrimination training, which see. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any procedure or experience in which a behavior becomes stronger or weaker (e.g., more or less likely to occur) depending on it consequences. Also called instrumental learning. ( Cf. Pavolovian conditioning.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any reinforcer that has acquired its reinforcing properties through its association with other reinforcers. Also called conditioned reinforcer. (Cf.primary reinforcer.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any reinforcer that is innately reinforcing; i.e., not dependent on its association with other reinforcers. Also called unconditioned reinforcers. (Cf. secondary reinforcer.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any reinforcer that is provided by someone for the purpose of changing behavior. (Cf.natural reinforcer.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any reinforcer that is the spontaneous consequence of a behavior. Also called automatic reinforcer. ( Cf.contrived reinforcer.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any stimulus that reliably elicits a modal action pattern. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any stimulus which, when presented following a behavior, increases or maintains the strength of that behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any stimulus which, when removed following a behavior, increases or maintains the strength of that behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anything a person or other animal does that can be measured. In practice, the term usually refers to publicly observable overt behavior. However, behavior that is available only to the person performing it (such as thinking) may be included if it can be reliably measured |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anything that changes the effectiveness of a consequence. There are two kinds of motivating operations, establishing and abolishing, which see |
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Term
|
Definition
| Detailed study and description of a single case, such as a person who is a compulsive hand washer. While case studies are often used in clinical settings in an attempt to identify the sources of a disorder and/or its effective treatment. While case studies are a step above anecdotal evidence, they are also problematic. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deterioration in learned behavior following a retention interval. Increasingly, learning researchers look on forgetting as changes in learned behavior due to differences in the environment during learning and during testing. (Cf. extinction.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disruption of the pattern of responding due to stretching the ratio of reinforcement too abruptly or too much. Though called ratio strain, the same idea applies to interval schedules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Failure of a stimulus that is part of a compound stimulus to become a CS. The stimulus is said to be overshadowed by the stimulus that does become a CS. (Cf. blocking.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Failure of a stimulus to become a CS when it is part of a compound stimulus that includes an effective CS. The effective CS is said to block the formation of a new CS. (Cf overshadowing.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| First- or secondhand reports of personal experience. Anecdotes are notoriously unreliable, so they are not a good source of evidence; however, they can generate useful hypotheses about variables influencing behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forgetting caused by learning that occurred prior to the behavior in question. (Cf. retroactive interference.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forgetting caused by learning that occurred subsequent to the behavior in question. (Cf. proactive interference.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forgetting that results from the absence of cues that were present during learning. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In Hull's theory of reinforcement, a motivational state (such as hunger) caused by a period of deprivation (as of food). |
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Term
|
Definition
| In Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which the CS begins and ends before the US is presented. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| In Pavlovian conditioning the interval between the pairings of a CS and US. In operant learning, the interval between the pairings of a behavior and its consequences. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In Pavlovian conditioning, the failure of a CR to appear as a result of prior presentation of the CS in the absence of the US. |
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Term
| Stimulus substitution theory |
|
Definition
| In Pavlovian conditioning, the theory that the CS substitutes for the Us. It assumes that the CR is essentially the same as the UR. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In Pavlovian discrimination training, the stimulus that is regularly paired with a US. (Cf. CS+.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| In Pavlovian discrimination training, the stimulus that is regularly paired with a US. (Cf. CS-.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| In Spence's theory of generalization and discrimination, a generalization gradient showing an increased tendency to respond to the SD or CS+ and stimuli resembling them. (Cf. inhibitory gradient.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| In Spence's theory of generalization and discrimination, a generalization gradient showing an increased tendency to respond to the SD or CS+ and stimuli resembling them. (Cf. inhibitory gradient.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| In a between-subjects experiment, those subjects exposed to the independent variable. Cf control group. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In a between-subjects experiment, those subjects not exposed to the independent variable. (Cf. experimental group.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| In a progressive reinforcement schedule, the point at which the rate of behavior falls off dramatically or stops entirely. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| In a within-subject experiment, a period of observation (often designated "A") during which no attempt is made to modify the behavior under study. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In an experiment, the variable that the researcher manipulates. The independent variable is usually expected to affect the dependent variable. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In operant discrimination training, any stimulus that signals either that a behavior will be reinforced (an SD) or will not be reinforced (an S”). |
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Term
|
Definition
| In social observational learning, a model who is observed as he or she learns to perform a task. Also call an unskilled model. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Learning by observing events and their consequences. This text identifies two kinds of observational learning, social and asocial, which see. |
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|
Term
| Social observational learning |
|
Definition
| Learning from the observation of a model and the consequences of the model's behavior. This form of observational learning is also called vicarious learning. Note: The term is introduced in this edition, and is not part of the standard lexicon of learning. (Cf.asocial observational learning.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Learning or practice sessions separated by little or no time. (Cf distributed practice.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Learning or practice sessions spread out over time. Also called spaced practice. (Cf. massed practice.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Learning that occurs during a particular physiological state (such as alcoholic intoxication), is lost when that physiological state passes, and reemerges when the state recurs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Materials (books, videos, radio programs, etc.) that attempt to educate and entertain the public simultaneously. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Memory for procedures; the ability to perform a set of action. (Cf.nondeclarative memory.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Memory of events that can be expressed, usually in words. Includes semantic and episodic memory. Also called explicit memory. (Cf. nondeclarative memory.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Memory of facts about the world. (Cf. episodic memory.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Memory of life events. Also called auto-biographical or event memory. (Cf.semantic memory.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Memory of things that cannot be expressed, at least not in words. Includes procedural memory. Also called implicit memory. (Cf.declarative memory.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nearness of events in time (temporal contiguity or space (special contiguity). |
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Term
|
Definition
| See Pavlovian conditioning. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| See Sidman avoidance procedure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See between-subjects experiment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See conditional response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See continuous reinforcement. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| See delayed matching to sample. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| See differential outcomes effect |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| See differential reinforcement of alternative behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See distributed practice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See fixed duration schedule. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| See fixed interval schedule. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See modal action pattern. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See observational learning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See partial reinforcement effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See positive reinforcement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See unconditional response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See unconditional stimulus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| See variable interval schedule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See variable ratio schedule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| See variable time schedule |
|
|
Term
| Single-subject experiment |
|
Definition
| See within-subject experiment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seedifferential reinforcement of incompatible behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seedifferential reinforcement of low rate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seenegative reinforcement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seeresponse deprivation theory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The continuation of training beyond the point required to produce one errorless performance. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The cross-breeding of closely related species. For example , a wolf and dog may mate, producing a hybrid animal that is neither a wolf nor a dog. Hybridization may contribute to the evolution of new species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The distinctive rate and pattern of behavior associated with a particular reinforcement schedule. |
|
|
Term
| Differential outcomes effect |
|
Definition
| The finding that discrimination training proceeds more rapidly when different behaviors produce different reinforcers . Abbreviated DOE. |
|
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that the partial reinforcement effect is due to differences in the definition of a behavior during intermittent and continuous reinforcement. |
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Term
| Discrimination hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that the partial reinforcement effect occurs because it is harder to discriminate between intermittent reinforcement and extinction than between continuous reinforcement and extinction. |
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Definition
| The idea that the partial reinforcement effect occurs because nonreinforcement is frustrating and during intermittent reinforcement responding while frustrated is reinforced, so frustration becomes a signal for responding. |
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Definition
| The idea that the partial reinforcement effect occurs because the sequence of reinforced and nonreinforced behaviors during intermittent reinforcement becomes a signal for responding during extinction. |
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Definition
| The loss of effectiveness of primary reinforcers due to their repeated use. |
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Definition
| The observation that high-probability behavior reinforces low-probability behavior. |
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Definition
| The principle that, given the opportunity to respond on two or more reinforcement schedules, the rate of responding on each schedule will match the reinforcement available on each schedule. |
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Definition
| The procedure of altering the environment to prevent unwanted behavior from occurring. |
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Definition
| The procedure of establishing a behavior chain. (Cf. behavior chain; forward chaining; backward chaining.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The procedure of gradually increasing the number of responses required for reinforcement. The concept can be applied to interval as well as ratio schedules. (Cf. ratio strain.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The procedure of identifying the component elements of a behavior chain. This is the first step in chaining, which see. |
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Term
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Definition
| The procedures of pairing a neutral stimulus (one that does not elicit a reflex response. Also called classical or respondent conditioning. The neutral stimulus is often referred to as a CS, though strictly speaking it becomes a CS only after being paired with a US. (Cf. operant learning.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate at which a behavior occurs once it has resumed following reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reappearance during extinction of a previously reinforced behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reflex response elicited by an unconditional stimulus. Often called an unconditioned response. Abbreviated. UR. (Cf. conditional response.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The response part of a conditional reflex, the response elicited by a conditional stimulus. Often called conditioned stimulus. Abbreviated CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| The statement that behavior is a function of its consequences. So called because the strength of a behavior depends on its past effects on the environment. Implicit in the law is the notion that operant learning is an active process, since it is usually the behavior of the organism that, directly or indirectly, produces the effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stimulus part of a conditional reflex; the stimulus that elicits a conditional response. Often call conditioned stimulus. Abbreviated CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sudden reappearance of a behavior following its extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency following discrimination training for the peak of responding in a generalization gradient to shift away from the CS- or S. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for a behavior to occur in one situation, but not another. It is also defined as the tendency for a behavior to occur in the presence of certain stimuli, but not in their absence. (Cf.generalization.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for a behavior to occur in the presence of an SD but not in the presence of an S. (Cf.discrimination.) Some researchers now consider forgetting, which see, a product of stimulus control. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for changes in behavior in one situation to spread to other situations. It is also defined as the tendency for behavior that occurs in the presence of one stimulus to occur in the presence of another stimulus. |
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Definition
| The tendency for changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors. (Cf. stimulus generalization. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for the effects of a learning experience to spread. There are various kinds of generalization, but the two most researched types are called stimulus generalization and response generalization, which see. (Cf. discrimination.) |
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Term
| Partial reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| The tendency of a behavior to be more resistant to extinction following intermittent reinforcement than following continuous reinforcement. Abbreviated PRE. ( Also often referred to as the partial reinforcement extinction effect, or PREE.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of a neutral stimulus to elicit a CR when presented after a US has elicited a reflex response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of observers to imitate acts by a model that are irrelevant to obtaining reinforcement. Also spelled overimitation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to give up on a problem as a result of previous exposure to insoluble problems. In experiments the problem typically involves escape learning. (Cf.learned industriousness.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even though the imitative behavior is not reinforced. |
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Definition
| The tendency to persist at a problem as a result of previous reinforcement of persistence at difficult problems. (Cf learned helplessness.) |
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Definition
| The theory of reinforcement that attributes a reinforcers effectiveness to the reduction of a drive. |
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Term
| Response-deprivation theory |
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Definition
| The theory of reinforcement that say a behavior is reinforcing to the extent that the organism has been deprived (relative to its baseline frequency) of performing that behavior. Also called equilibrium theory or response-restriction theory. |
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Term
| Interstimulus interval (ISI) |
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Definition
| The time between the appearance of the CS and the US. |
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Term
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Definition
| The time that passes between an event and a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The variable by which the outcome of an experiment is measured. It is not manipulated by the researcher but is expected to vary (to depend On) the independent variable. |
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Definition
| The view that avoidance and punishment involve only one procedure-operant learning. (Cf. two process theory.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The view that avoidance and punishment involve two procedures-Pavlovian and operant learning (Cf. one-process theory.) |
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Term
| Preparatory response theory |
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Definition
| Theory of Pavlovian conditioning that proposes that the CR prepares the organism for the appearance of the US. |
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Definition
| Theory of reinforcement that considers reinforcers to be behaviors rather that stimuli and that attributes a reinforcer's effectiveness to its probability relative to other behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the approach to studying natural phenomena that is based on certain assumptions, such as the idea that natural events, including human behavior, are caused by natural phenomena not by mysterious forces such as willpower or the mind. |
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Term
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Definition
| To behave in a manner resembling the behavior of a model. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more stimuli presented simultaneously, often as a CS |
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