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| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| our private, internal experiences - thoughts, perceptions, feelings, memories, or dreams |
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| anything we do - talking, sleeping, blinking, or reading |
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| the process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information |
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| The 4 Psychology Goals are |
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| Describe, Explain, Predict, Change (DEPC) |
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| Tells "what" occured - usually the first step in understanding behavior |
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| Tells "why" a behavior or mental process occured - Depends on discovering and understanding a behavior or mental processes causes |
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| nature-nurture controversy |
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| Are we controlled by biological and genetic factors? Or by environment and learning? |
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| multiple factors mutually influence one another and the outcome (ex. interaction between heredity and environment) |
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| Psychology (like all sciences) generally avoids what? |
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| applying psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted outcomes or bring desired goals - change is positive in most psychological cases |
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| Difference between "Psychologist" and "Psychiatrist" |
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| Psychologist study human behavior and methods of therapy - Psychiatrist are medical doctors |
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| Believed early childhood experiences help shape our adult personalities and behavior |
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| Freud's "talk therapy" or "psychoanalysis" |
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| psychotherapy developed to deal with the unconscious conflicts and early childhood influences |
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| emphasizes object, observable environmental influences and overt behavior |
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| emphasizes free-will, self-actualization, and human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking |
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| focuses on thought, perception, and information processing |
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| stimulus, response, and the environment |
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| Our unique ability to make voluntary choices about our own behavior and life |
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| Cognitive Perspective mental processes: (8) |
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| perception, memory, imagery, concept, problem solving, reasoning, decision making, and language |
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| Neuroscience/Bio-psychology Perspective |
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| emphasizes genetics and other biological processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system |
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| focuses on natural selection, adaptation, and evolution of behavior and mental processes |
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| Sociocultural Perspective |
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| emphasizes social interaction and cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes |
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| Credited with the birth of psychology |
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Psychoanalytic/psycho-dynamic
Behavior
Humanist
Cognitive
Neuroscience/bio-psychology
Evolutionary
Sociocultural |
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| identifying the conditions under which a future behavior or mental process is likely to occur |
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| means applying psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted outcomes or bring about desired goals |
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| combines and interacts with the seven major perspectives |
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| research conducted to advance scientific knowledge |
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| Research designed to solve practical problems |
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| Scientific method's six steps |
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1. Identify questions of interest and review the literature
2. Develop a testable hypothesis
3. Select a research method and collect the data
4. Analyze the data and accept or reject the hypothesis
5. Publish, replicate, and seek scientific review
6. Build a theory |
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| statistical procedure for combining and analyzing data from many studies |
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| an interrelated set of concepts that explain a body of data |
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| a participant's agreement to take part in a study after being told what to expect |
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| informing participants after the research about the purpose of the study, the nature of the anticipated results, and any deceptions used |
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| Voluntary participation is |
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| Participants free to decline to participate or to withdraw from the research at any time |
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| research alternatives of equal values |
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| The 4 Research methods are |
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1. Experimental
2. Descriptive
3. Correlation
4. Biological |
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| Experimental research involves |
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| manipulation and control of variables |
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| Descriptive research involves |
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| naturalistic observation, surveys, and case studies; |
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| Correlational research involves |
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| statistical analyses of relationships between variables |
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| Biological research involves |
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| studying the brain and other parts of the nervous system |
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| 3 types of correlation are |
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1. positive (positive direction of correlation between 2 variables)
2. negative (negative direction of correlation between 2 variables)
3. zero (intelligence and shoe size, no correlation) |
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| involve systematically destroying brain tissue to study the effects on behavior and mental processes |
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| tools for biological research |
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1. brain dissection
2. ablation/lesions
3. clinical observations/case studies
4. electrical recordings (electro-encephalogram EEG)
5. Electrical Stimulation of the brain (ESB)
6. CT Computed Tomography Scan Xray-Photo)
7. PET Positron Emission Tomography Scan- video
8. MRI (magenetic resonance imaging scan)-static picture photo
9. FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging scan)-video |
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| survey is research technique that questions a large sample of people, assesses behaviors/attitudes |
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| Components of an experiment |
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1. Independent Variable- factor manipulated to determine its casual effect on a dependent variable
2. Dependent variable: factor that is measured; it is affected by the independent variable
3. Control Groups: group receiving no treatment in an experiment. Assigned to a zero or control condition.
4. Experimental Group: group receiving treatment in experiment |
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| specific prediction about how one variable relates to another |
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| precise description of how variables in a study will be observed and measured |
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| observation and recording of behavior in participants natural state or habitat |
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| research methods that observe and record behavior without producing casual explanations. |
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| procedure in which both the researcher and the participants are unaware "blind" of who is in the experiment/control group |
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| occurs when researcher influences research results in the expected direction |
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| inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control technique |
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| believing that one's culture is typical of all cultures. viewing one's own ethnic group as the correct and judging others to one standard |
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| occurs when research participants are not representative of the larger population |
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| using chance methods to assign particpants- minimizing the possibilities of biases. |
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| occurs when experimental conditions influence the participants behavior or mental processes |
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| mis-attribution of arousal |
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| physiologically aroused individuals make mistaken inferences about what is causing the arousal. |
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| one of the most effective ways to prevent participant bias. |
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