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Psychology History PSY408 Spring 2011 Exam 3
UNLV Dr. Dippner
277
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
03/29/2011
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Term
Erik Erikson preferred psychosocial stages, turning points from infancy thru old age. They are psychological and social tasks that must be mastered if maturation is to proceed in a healthy fashion.
 Definition
E__k E____son preferred psychosocial stages, turning points from infancy thru old age. They are psychological and social tasks that must be mastered if m_____n is to proceed in a healthy fashion.
Term
Karen Horney says that neurosis arise from the environment more than from biologic instincts.
 Definition
K____ n H__ney says that neurosis arise from the en______t more than from biologic instincts.
Term
For Adler the main driving force was an innate striving for superiority.
 Definition
For Adler the main driving force was an inn_____te striving for sup______y.
Term
Alfred Adler discarded Freud's idea of infantile sexuality and made ego the center of his individual psychology.
 Definition
Al____d Ad____r discarded Freud's idea of in______e sexuality and made e_o the center of his individual psychology.
Term
Karl Jung's ideas about archetypes and the collective unconscious were of more influence among artists and mystics than with scientists.
 Definition
Karl Jung's ideas about arche_____ypes and the collective un_____s were of more influence among artists and mystics than with sc____ts.
Term
The main contributions of Jung's analytic psychology were the concepts of anima, animus, extroversion, introversion, and persona.
 Definition
The main contributions of Jung's analytic psychology were the concepts of a____a, an__us, extro_____n, in_____sion, and per____a.
Term
Hermeneutics is the science of interpretation. Exegesis is critical interpretation, both were originally of the Scriptures.
 Definition
Her_____tics is the science of interpretation. Ex_____s is critical interpretation, both were originally of the Scriptures.
Term
To avoid submitting psychoanalysis to the requirements of science, some scholars describe analysis as a hermeneutic.
 Definition
To avoid submitting psychoanalysis to the requirements of sc_____, some scholars describe analysis as a Herm_____ic.
Term
One of the lasting influences of Freud's ideas on American culture is the need for behavior to be interpreted.
 Definition
One of the lasting influences of Freud's ideas on American culture is the need for b______r to be inte_____d.
Term
Freud has become unrivaled as the central imagination of our age, Harold Bloom
 Definition
Freud has become unr____d as the central im______n of our age, Harold Bloom
Term
Psychoanalysts report uncheckable findings in anecdotal form and reply to criticism by declaring that the critics have problems as evidenced by the fact that they disagree with psychoanalysis.
 Definition
Psychoanalysts report un_____ble findings in an_____tal form and reply to criticism by declaring that the critics have problems as evidenced by the fact that they d______ee with psychoanalysis.
Term
To claim that if psychoanalytic theory is true then therapy will be successful is a logical error.
 Definition
To claim that if psy_____al theory is true then therapy will be s________ful, is a logical error.
Term
To Freud, religion was an attempt at wish-fulfillment.
 Definition
To Freud, r_____n was an attempt at wish-f__________nt.
Term
Fixation is a focus on an earlier psychosexual stage where conflicts were not resolved.
 Definition
F______n is a focus on an earlier psychosexual stage where conflicts were not resolved.
Term
Freud's psychosexual development scheme contains the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latent stage, and genital stage.
 Definition
Freud's psychosexual development scheme contains the o__l stage, a__l stage, ph____ic stage, l____nt stage, and ge___al stage.
Term
Obsessions are repetitive thoughts and compulsions are unwelcome behaviors.
 Definition
Ob_______s are repetitive thoughts and co_______ns are unwelcome behaviors.
Term
Projection is to attribute your own feelings or emotions to other persons or things without being aware of the true origin of the feelings and emotions.
 Definition
P_______n is to attribute your own feelings or emotions to other persons or things without being aware of the true origin of the feelings and emotions.
Term
Sublimation is a form of displacement where our emotion is shifted to a safer, socially approved objection.
 Definition
S_____tion is a form of displacement where our emotion is shifted to a safer, socially approved objection.
Term
A reaction formation is when you claim to desire the opposite of what is really wanted.
 Definition
A r____n f_____ion is when you claim to desire the opposite of what is really wanted.
Term
Regression is to go to an earlier safer age (exhibiting behavior of an earlier psychosexual stage to escape anxiety).
 Definition
Reg_____n is to go to an earlier safer age (exhibiting behavior of an earlier psychosexual stage to escape anxiety).
Term
Repression (the granddaddy of the defense mechanisms) is to actively stop the entrance of unacceptable thoughts into the conscious.
 Definition
R______n (the granddaddy of the defense mechanisms) is to actively stop the entrance of unacceptable thoughts into the conscious.
Term
Defense mechanisms are unconscious ego defense mechanisms used to deal with the conflicting demands of id and superego.
 Definition
D______e mech______ms are unconscious ego de_____e m______sms used to deal with the conflicting demands of id and superego.
Term
In transference, the analyst takes the place of some important person in the past. Both positive and negative transference and counter transference are possible.
 Definition
In tr______e , the analyst takes the place of some important person in the past. Both positive and negative tr______e and counter tr_______e are possible.
Term
Dreams have both latent and manifest content. At first dreams were understood through free association later a list of standard symbols was devised.
 Definition
Dreams have both l____t and m______st content. At first dreams were understood through f__e association later a list of standard sym___s was devised.
Term
Freud's most popular book, The Interpretation of Dreams, develops the theme that wish-fulfillment is the key to dreams..
 Definition
Freud's most popular book, The I______ of Dr____s , develops the theme that wish-fulfillment is the key to dreams..
Term
The conscious is now. The preconscious contains readily available thoughts. The unconscious (unavailable thoughts) for Freud was like a whole extra mind.
 Definition
The conscious is now. The pr_______s contains readily available th____ts. The un______s (unavailable thoughts) for Freud was like a whole extra m___d.
Term
Where there is Id let there be Ego. The Id operates on the pleasure principle to reduce tension. The Ego operates on the reality principle to control tension.
 Definition
Where there is Id let there be Ego. The __ operates on the pleasure principle to reduce t____n. The Ego operates on the r_____y principle to control tension.
Term
The Oedipal complex is an unconscious fantasy of sex with mother. The Electra complex was invented much later.
 Definition
The O_____l complex is an unconscious fantasy of sex with mother. The El_____a complex was invented much later.
Term
Eros was the Greek god of love and for Freud the main instinct (all is sex). Thanatos was the Greeek personification of death and for Freud the second important instinct.
 Definition
Eros was the Greek god of love and for Freud the main instinct (all is sex). Thanatos was the Greeek personification of d___th and for Freud the second important in_____t.
Term
Adult neuroses are caused by childhood traumas or disgusting thoughts, they lie dormant and years later are unconsciously reawakened and expressed as symptoms.
 Definition
Adult neuroses are caused by ch_____d t______s or disgusting thoughts, they lie dormant and years later are unconsciously reawakened and expressed as sy_____s.
Term
The seduction error. At first Freud thought that neurosis was due to sexual abuse but then he changed the etiology to sexual fantasies.
 Definition
The seduction error. At first Freud thought that neurosis was due to s____l ab____e but then he changed the etiology to s____l f______ies.
Term
Freud switched from hypnosis to the “talking cure” and refined that to free association.
 Definition
Freud switched from hypnosis to the “t____g cure” and refined that to free assoc______n.
Term
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) had his professional training in neurology.
 Definition
Sigmund Fr____d (1856-1939) had his professional training in n_______.
Term
Thus the idea arose that hysteria is a psychoneurological disorder.
 Definition
Thus the idea arose that hysteria is a psy___________logical disorder.
Term
Conversion disorders were once called hysterias. The symptoms suggest neurological damage of some sort but none can be found.
 Definition
Conversion disorders were once called h______s. The symptoms suggest n_____gical damage of some sort but n____ can be found.
Term
The Nancy school argued for a “member of the audience” explanation.
 Definition
The N_____cy school argued for a “member of the au______ce ” explanation.
Term
Freud studied hypnosis with Charcot in Paris. Charcot thought that hypnosis produced an altered state of consciousness.
 Definition
Freud studied hypnosis with Charcot in Paris. Charcot thought that hypnosis produced an altered st____of c_________ss.
Term
Janet did much to attract attention to the problems of mental illness. His work contributed to the rise of psychoanalysis.
 Definition
Janet did much to attract attention to the problems of mental illness. His work contributed to the rise of psycho________s.
Term
Pierre Janet, who worked with Charcot, was interested in hypnosis, hysteria, and the theory of neurosis.
 Definition
Pierre J_____t, who worked with Ch_____t, was interested in hypnosis, hysteria, and the theory of n_____s.
Term
Paul McHugh points out that there is little empirical basis for psychiatry but since Freud and Jung they have assumed or been great powers.
 Definition
P_____ Mc____h points out that there is little empirical basis for psy_____try but since Freud and Jung they have assumed or been great powers.
Term
He (Paul McHug) cites three common medical mistakes that have resulted: Oversimplification, Misplaced emphasis, and Pure invention.
 Definition
He (Paul McHug) cites three common medical mistakes that have resulted: Over_____, Misplaced emp______s, and Pure in______n.
Term
McHugh points out that psychiatry has had concern for the “mentally ill” since the time of Dorothea Dix.
 Definition
McHugh points out that psychiatry has had concern for the “m_____y i__” since the time of Dorothea D__.
Term
He(McHugh) views Thomas Szasz and R. D. Laing as critics who have not made a contribution.
 Definition
He (McHugh) views Thomas S____zand R. D. L____ng as critics who have not made a contribution.
Term
Social misdirection is responsible for the mistake of sex-reassignment surgery.
 Definition
S______l mis_______n is responsible for the mistake of sex-reassignment surgery.
Term
A third area of social misdirection is the area of recovered memories.
 Definition
A third area of social misdirection is the area of r_______d mem______s.
Term
In Salem, 1692, they were fighting Satan by recognizing bewitchment, now we are fighting childhood sexual abuse by recognizing multiple personality disorders
 Definition
In Salem, 1692, they were fighting S___n by recognizing bewitchment, now we are fighting childhood s____l abuse by recognizing _______e per_____ity di______ers
Term
Nick Spanos thinks that MPD is iatrogenic (means “caused by the therapist”).
 Definition
Nick Spanos thinks that MPD is i_______ic (means “caused by the th______st”)
Term
During the 1930s academic psychologists did not accept applied psychologists because applied psychologist worked outside academia, lobbied for the passage of licensure laws, and did no research.
 Definition
During the 1930s academic psychologists did not accept app_____d psychologists because app_____d psy_____ist worked outside academia, lobbied for the passage of lic_____ laws, and did no re_______h.
Term
The Boulder Model was adopted in part to help heal the academic-practitioner rift. According to the Boulder Model clinical psychologists should be trained first as scientists.
 Definition
The B_____r M___l was adopted in part to help heal the academic-prac_____ner rift. According to this model, clinical psychologists should be trained first as sc_____s.
Term
The goal of the Boulder Model was to give clinical psychologists higher status than physicians but that included accepting the Medical Model.
 Definition
The goal of the B____r Model was to give clinical psychologists higher status than phy_____ns but that included accepting the M_____l Model.
Term
Until WWII clinical psychology meant giving mental tests. The term clinic in clinical psychology defined a method, mental testing, not a location.
 Definition
Until WWII clinical psychology meant giving m____l t____s. The term clinic in cl_____l psychology defined a m____d, me____al testing, not a lo____on.
Term
Psychologists began to perform psychotherapy during WWII because the number of psychologically disturbed veterans swamped the Army psychiatrists.
 Definition
Psychologists began to perform p_______py during WWII because the number of psychologically disturbed veterans swamped the A__y psychiatrists.
Term
Lightner Witmer founded the journal, THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC (Pre WWII)
 Definition
Lightner W____r founded the journal, THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CL____C (Pre WWII)
Term
Thomas Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness, tells us that not everything that is called “mental illness” is a fiction but that the concept of “Mental illness” is a fiction.
 Definition
Thomas Szasz, The M___h of Mental I_____s, tells us that not everything that is called “m____l il____s” is a fiction but that the concept of “M____l i____s” is a fi____on.
Term
Mental illness is a social or cultural invention and treating the so-called “mental illness” was really an attempt to control deviant social behavior.
 Definition
Mental illness is a s____l or cu____al invention and treating the so-called “mental illness” was really an attempt to control de_____t so____l be_____r.
Term
Hans Eysenck produced the concept of neuroticism, stability/instability and introversion/extroversion which allows for four personality types similar to Galen's four types.
 Definition
Hans Eysenck produced the concept of n______m, stab_____y/i____lity and introversion/ex_____nwhich allows for four personality types similar to G____n's four types.
Term
Egon Brunswick first used the term, ecological validity, referring to the appropriateness of generalizations from the lab to non-experimental situations (“what works in the lab that will also work in the real world?”...Instructor.
 Definition
Egon Br_____ck first used the term, ec_____al validity, referring to the appropriateness of gen______ions from the lab to non-experimental situations (“what works in the lab that will also work in the real world?”...Instructor.
Term
Erik Erikson presented us with a theory of psychosocial development containing original ideas from a psychoanalytic bias. He emphasized trust vs. mistrust, autonomy and ego identity.
 Definition
Er_k Er____on presented us with a theory of ps_____al development containing original ideas from a psy____ytic bias. He emphasized trust vs. mistrust, au_____my and ego id_____ty.
Term
The studies on “learned helplessness” by Martin Seligman began his research career. His research on outcome evaluation in “Consumer Reports” gave him enough popularity to be elected president of the APA.
 Definition
The studies on “learned h_____ess” by Martin Sel___an began his research career. His research on outcome evaluation in “Con_____r Rep____ts” gave him enough popularity to be elected president of the ___.
Term
Neal Miller is famous for putting small bursts of electricity into the hypothalamus of rats. He showed that he could control rat heart rate with these bursts and thus contributed to the field of biofeedback.
 Definition
N___l M____r is famous for putting small bursts of el____ty into the hypothalamus of r____s. He showed that he could control rat heart rate with these bursts and thus contributed to the field of bi______ack.
Term
Etiology is the study of the causes of diseases.
 Definition
E_____y is the study of the causes of diseases.
Term
Eclectic is not following any one system but selecting what is best from all systems. Pejoratively (meaning “to be kind of bad-mouthing”), it is to be without theoretical foundation.
 Definition
Ec_____c means not following any one system but selecting what is best from all systems. Pejoratively (meaning “to be kind of bad-mouthing”), it is to be without theoretical f_____n.
Term
A syndrome is two or more symptoms occurring together.
 Definition
A s______me is two or more symptoms occurring together.
Term
Comorbid is to have two or more syndromes.
 Definition
Co____d is to have two or more syndromes.
Term
Existentialism is a philosophy that stresses that isolation of the individual in a hostile universe and emphasizes freedom of choice and responsibility for consequences.
 Definition
Ex_________ism is a philosophy that stresses that is______n of the individual in a hostile universe and emphasizes f_____m of ch____e and responsibility for con______es.
Term
Existentialism has roots in Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, flowered in Camus, Sartre, and Kafka and became therapy with Rollo May, Julian Rotter (locus of control), and Fritz Perls.
 Definition
Existentialism has roots in K____gaard and Ni____che, flowered in Ca__s, Sar__e, and Ka___ka and became therapy with Rollo M_y, Julian Ro___r (locus of co___ol), and Fr_tz Pe___s.
Term
Carl Rogers, client centered therapy, was part of a humanist objection to behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
 Definition
C___l R_____s, client c_____ed therapy, was part of a humanist objection to behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
Term
Client-centered therapy was important for clinical psychology in the 40s because it provided an alternative to psychoanalysis.
 Definition
C____t-cent_____d therapy was important for cl_____l psychology in the 40s because it provided an alternative to psycho_______is.
Term
The Rogerians used an assessment technique called the Q-sort which involved sorting a set of personality statements.
 Definition
The Rogerians used an assessment technique called the _-s___t which involved sorting a set of per____ity st_______nts.
Term
Abraham Maslow was one of the greatest humanistic psychologists and is best known for his hierarchy of needs.
 Definition
Abraham M______wwas one of the greatest humanistic psychologists and is best known for his h_____chy of n_____s.
Term
Humanist psychology is called “the Third Force” in psychology. A rebellion against behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
 Definition
Hu_____st psy_____gy is called “the Th____d Force” in psychology. A rebellion against beh_____sm and psychoanalysis.
Term
Albert Bandura wrote “the book” on classical behaviorism, Principles of Behavior Modification. He later rewrote the book in a more cognitive direction according to some.
 Definition
Albert B____a wrote “the book” on cl______l behaviorism, Principles of Beh_____r M______tion. He later rewrote the book in a more cognitive direction according to some. (CBT Cognitive Behavioral Therapy..teacher note)
Term
Joseph Wolpe popularized systematic desensitization, a behavioral counter conditioning technique, that frequently used an abstract fear hierarchy and relaxation.
 Definition
Jo__ph W____e popularized systematic des________n, a behavioral counter conditioning technique, that frequently used an abstract f___r hierarchy and rel_____ion.
Term
A panic disorder is a sudden episode of terror accompanied by ANS activity. Aaron Beck thought the disorder was based on catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations.
 Definition
A panic disorder is a sudden episode of terror accompanied by ANS activity. Aaron B___k thought the disorder was based on c_______phic mis________tion of bodily sensations.
Term
Beck thought that depression was due to negative thoughts, the cognitive triad, negative thoughts about self, present experience, and the future.
 Definition
Beck thought that de_____ion was due to neg____ve thoughts, the cognitive tr___d, negative thoughts about self, present ex____nce, and the fu_____e.
Term
Albert Ellis, changed the name of his approach from RET to REBT, a cognitive restructuring behavioral therapy that aims to alter the unrealistic goals that people set for themselves.
 Definition
A___t Ell_s, changed the name of his approach from RET to ____T, a cognitive restructuring behavioral therapy that aims to alter the u_______c goals that people set for themselves.
Term
Beck and Ellis are soul mates of the humanistic and existential therapies.
 Definition
Beck and Ellis are s___l m___s of the hum____tic and ex_____ial therapies.
Term
In 1973 David Rosenhan and 7 colleagues were admitted to mental hospitals and all except one were diagnosed with schizophrenia.
 Definition
In 1973 D____d Ro____han and 7 colleagues were admitted to mental hospitals and all except one were diagnosed with sc______renia.
Term
PHTs, potentially harmful therapies, as opposed to ESTs, empirically supported therapies.
 Definition
PHTs, po_____ly ha_____l therapies, as opposed to ESTs, em____lly supported the_____s.
Term
Judith Rich Harris published a very provocative article in 1995, “Where is the child's environment? A Group Socialization Theory of Development.
 Definition
J_____h Rich Ha_____s published a very provocative article in 1995, “Where is the ch____'s env_____nt? A Gr___p Soc______on Theory of Development.
Term
Authoritarian (autocratic) parents impose rules and expect obedience.
 Definition
Au_______rian (autocr____c) parents impose ru____s and expect ob_____ce.
Term
Authoritative (Not “arian”..note...) parents are demanding and responsive. They control by setting rules and giving good reasons for the rules.
 Definition
A_______ive parents are dema___ing and res____sive. They control by setting r____s and giving good reasons for the r___s.
Term
Blaise Pascal, perhaps the father of statistics, invented a mathematical calculator. Leibniz improved it and saw the possibility of computing all knowledge from a device "programmed" with fundamental concepts. "Calculemus"
 Definition
Bl____se Pa____al, perhaps the father of statistics, invented a mathematical calculator. Lei___iz improved it and saw the possibility of computing all knowledge from a device "programmed" with fundamental concepts. "Cal_____us"
Term
Thomas Jefferson inherited the idea that all people are created equal from La Mettrie.
 Definition
Th_____s Jef____son inherited the idea that all people are created equal from La Me____ie.
Term
Tests can have content validity, (does the test sample the behavior of interest?) and maybe predictive or criterion-related validity.
 Definition
Tests can have con____t v_____y, (does the test sa____e the behavior of interest?) and maybe predictive or cr______on-related validity.
Term
Tests can have construct validity, (does it correlate with some theory?) and maybe concurrent validity, (does it correlate with some other test?) and face validity.
 Definition
Tests can have con_____t validity, (does it correlate with some theory?) and maybe conc_____nt validity, (does it correlate with some other test?) and f__e validity.
Term
An attitude is a belief or feeling that predisposes you to behave in a particular way.
 Definition
An a_______e is a belief or feeling that predisposes you to behave in a particular way.
Term
Surveys are subject to experimenter bias and people may lie. Surveys have low validity, ambiguous questions, but they are cheaper than experiments.
 Definition
Su_____ys are subject to experimenter b__s and people may l_e. Surveys have l_w validity, am_____us questions, but they are c_____r than experiments.
Term
An idiographic study is an intensive study of an individual case.
 Definition
An i______ic study is an intensive study of an individual case.
Term
Nomothetic is a group study, statistical analysis, a search for general laws.
 Definition
N______c is a group study, statistical analysis, a search for general laws.
Term
A longitudinal study follows a group over time, a cross sectional study investigates several groups at the same time.
 Definition
A l______l study follows a group over time, a c___s se_____al study investigates several groups at the same time.
Term
Karl Jung devised a word association test, where the individual projects his personality onto the test items.
 Definition
K__l J__g devised a word association test, where the individual projects his p_____ty onto the t__t items.
Term
Raymond Cattel, influenced by Spearman and Burt, used factor analysis to create the 16 Personality Factors Test.
 Definition
Ra___nd C____l, influenced by Spear__n and Burt, used f___or analysis to create the 16 Per____ty Factors Test.
Term
Cattel introduced the terms fluid and crystallized, by fluid he meant a single biological factor that established the broad outlines of our intellectual potential.
 Definition
Ca____l introduced the terms fl___d and cr_____ized, by fl__d he meant a single biological f___r that established the broad outlines of our intellectual po______l.
Term
J. McKeen Cattell, no relation to Raymond, was interested in correlations between sensory abilities and intelligence before the Binet test came to the USA.
 Definition
J. McKeen Ca____l, no relation to Raymond, was interested in correlations between s_____y abilities and intelligence before the B___et test came to the USA.
Term
Anne Anastasi (1908-2001) clarified three important points in testing, reliability, validity and generalizability.
 Definition
A___e An_____si (1908-2001) clarified three important points in testing, rel_____ity, va____ty and gen______lity.
Term
The IQ tests and some of the personality tests are called objective tests, which means that they can be scored by a computer.
 Definition
The ___ tests and some of the personality tests are called obj_____ive tests, which means that they can be scored by a c______r.
Term
The projective instruments require trained personnel. There are no projective tests, only projective instruments.
 Definition
The pr_____ive instruments require trained pe_____el. There are no projective t___s, only projective ins______s.
Term
The Rorschach, the DAP, (Florence Goodenough) and the TAT, (Henry Murray), are projective tests (instruments).
 Definition
The R______h, the D_P, (Florence G______h) and the __T, (Henry Mu___ay), are pr______ve tests (inst_____nts).
Term
The MMPI (Stark Hathaway & J.C. McKinley) and CPI are examples of objective personality tests.
 Definition
The M___I (Stark Hathaway & J.C. McKinley) and C_I are examples of ob_____ve personality tests.
Term
The Likert scale (Rensis Likert, 1903-1981) has been the basis for much research.
 Definition
The L_____t scale (Rensis Likert, 1903-1981) has been the basis for much research.
Term
Standardization of a test is to define scores by comparison with the performance of a pre-tested standardization group.
 Definition
St________ion of a test is to define scores by comparison with the performance of a pre-tested st_______tion gr__p.
Term
Aptitude tests would like to measure the capacity to learn but are actually achievement tests.
 Definition
Ap____de tests would like to measure the capacity to learn but are actually ach_____t tests.
Term
The terms competence and performance are important in testing. Chomsky makes a distinction between the two in linguistics.
 Definition
The terms com____nce and per_____ance are important in testing. Chomsky makes a distinction between the two in lin____tics.
Term
Intelligence refers to the ability to learn, to remember information and use it correctly, to solve problems, to acquire and use language, to exercise good judgment, to find similarities and differences, and to engage in culturally appropriate behaviors. Intelligence is not a thing and therefore cannot explain behavior.
 Definition
In____ence refers to the ability to le__rn, to remember in____ion and use it correctly, to solve p____ms, to acquire and use lan____ge, to exercise good ju____nt, to find similarities and dif____ces, and to engage in culturally appropriate beh____rs. Intelligence is not a th__g and therefore cannot explain beh___or.
Term
The French government commissioned Binet and Simon to construct a test of intelligence so that the placement of the children into slow, normal, or advanced classes would not be under the subjective control of the teachers.
 Definition
The Fr____ch government commissioned Bi_et and Si_on to construct a test of inte_____nce so that the placement of the children into sl_w, no__al, or adv___ced classes would not be under the sub___ive control of the te___ers.
Term
Intelligence is not the same as blood sugar level. Alfred Binet and Henri Simon gave us the concepts of mental age and chronological age.
 Definition
Intelligence is not the same as blood sugar level. Alfred Binet and Henri Simon gave us the concepts of m____l age and chr______ical age.
Term
Binet insisted on three principles for using his tests: a) The scores are a practical device, they are not evidence for any theory of intellect, they do not define anything permanent or innate, they do not measure intelligence or any other reified entity.
 Definition
Binet insisted on three principles for using his tests: a) The scores are a practical device, they are not ev_____ce for any theory of intellect, they do not define anything per____t or innate, they do not measure i_____igence or any other re___ed entity.
Term
Binet insisted on three principles for using his tests: b) The scale is a rough empirical guide for identifying children that need help. It is not for ranking children.
 Definition
Binet insisted on three principles for using his tests: b) The scale is a rough em_____al guide for identifying chi___en that need help. It is not for ra____ng children.
Term
Binet insisted on three principles for using his tests: c) Emphasis shall be placed on the improvement through special training and low scores shall not mark a child as innately incapable.
 Definition
Binet insisted on three principles for using his tests: c) Emphasis shall be placed on the i_____t through special training and l_w scores shall not mark a child as in_____ly incapable.
Term
Binet's intelligence test was adapted for use in the USA by Lewis Terman. The Stanford-Binet became a very profitable standard.
 Definition
Binet's i_______ce test was adapted for use in the USA by Lewis Te__an. The Stanford-Binet became a very profitable st____rd.
Term
Howard Knox did performance testing at Ellis Island, 1912-1916 to weed out the mentally defective and deport them. ( 1 2 3 4)
 Definition
Howard Knox did performance testing at El__s Island, 1912-1916 to weed out the mentally def____ive and de__rt them. ( 1 2 3 4)
Term
A measure of intelligence based on head size would have a high level of reliability and a low level of validity.
 Definition
A measure of intelligence based on head size would have a high level of rel_____lity and a low level of va_____y.
Term
The Army Alpha was given to 1.7 million inductees during World War I.
 Definition
The A__y A___a was given to 1.7 million inductees during World War I.
Term
The results of the Army intelligence tests seem to show that almost half of the inductees were morons.
 Definition
The results of the Army intelligence tests seem to show that almost half of the inductees were m____s.
Term
David Wechsler, the author of The measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence, invented a mental test which evolved into the WAIS and the WISC, that separated verbal from performance.
 Definition
David Wec____r, the author of The measu___ent and App___sal of Adult Intelligence, invented a mental test which evolved into the W_IS and the W_SC, that separated ve__al from perfo__ance.
Term
Charles Spearman (1863-1945), the inventor of factor analysis, gave us the “G” factor, and also an “S” factor for a two-factor theory of intelligence.
 Definition
Charles Sp___man (1863-1945), the inventor of factor analysis, gave us the “G” fa__or, and also an “_” factor for a two-fa__or theory of intell__ence.
Term
J. P. Guilford (1897-1987), one of Titchener's last students, argued that intelligence had more than 100 components.
 Definition
J. P. Gu___ford (1897-1987), one of Titchener's last students, argued that intelligence had more than ___ components.
Term
Robert Sternberg argues for three types of intelligence, analytic, creative, and practical.
 Definition
Robert Ste___erg argues for three types of intelligence, ana___ic, cre___ve, and prac___cal.
Term
Howard Gardner says there are 7 factors. 7 different types of intelligence
 Definition
Howard Ga___er says there are 7 factors. 7 different types of intelligence
Term
Creativity as “divergent thinking” requires you to think of new uses for simple objects, or new ways to think about familiar ideas.
 Definition
Cr____ty as “divergent thinking” requires you to think of n_w uses for si___le objects, or new ways to think about familiar id__s.
Term
Creativity can be defined as the ability to create novel and valuable ideas, and is not the same as intelligence.
 Definition
Creativity can be defined as the ab___ty to create novel and valuable id__s, and is not the same as inte___gence.
Term
The Flynn effect shows a steady increase in IQ points. Why is there no increase in intelligence?
 Definition
The F___nn effect shows a steady increase in __ points. Why is there no increase in intelligence?
Term
Arthur Jensen and the Bell Curve. “G” is what the Bell Curve is all about. Some think it has to do with mental progress not hereditary IQ
 Definition
Arthur Je___n and the B__l Curve. “G” is what the B__l Curve is all about. Some think it has to do with mental pro___s not hereditary IQ
Term
Is there a relation between race and IQ?
(Dr. Dippner explored this in class he indicates "Nonsense")
 Definition
Is there a relation between r__e and IQ?
(Dr. Dippner explored this in class)
Term
Is there a relation between race and IQ?
(Dr. Dippner explored this in class... he indicates "Nonsense")
 Definition
Is there a relation between r__e and IQ?
(Dr. Dippner explored this in class)
Term
Are genes important? Yes. Is the environment important? Yes. To ask which is more important is not a question.
 Definition
Are genes important? ___. Is the environment important? ___. To ask which is more important is? or is not? a question.
Term
You can breed for eye color, but you can't breed for IQ. Can you breed for activity?
 Definition
You can breed for e_e co__r, but you can't breed for IQ. Can you breed for activity?
Term
Leon Kamin's twin studies are very popular in behavioral genetics.
 Definition
L__n Ka__n's twin studies are very popular in behavioral gene__cs.
Term
Research on racial and ethnic differences indicates that black and white children who are adopted into white middle-class families obtain comparable intelligence scores.
 Definition
Research on racial and ethnic differences indicates that black and white children who are adopted into white m___le-class families obtain com____ble intelligence scores.
Term
Most expert agree that intelligence tests are “biased” in the sense that test performance is influenced by cultural experiences.
 Definition
Most expert agree that intelligence tests are “bi___d” in the sense that test performance is influenced by cu____ral experiences.
Term
IQ tests don't measure intelligence, are culturally biased, put too much weight on one score, and are an invasion of privacy, however IQ tests do measure performance and do predict school performance.
 Definition
IQ tests d__'t measure intelligence, are culturally b___ed, put too much weight on one s___e, and are an invasion of pr___cy, however IQ tests do measure per_____nce and do predict sch___l perf___ance.
Term
Cosmogony is a theory of the origin of the universe.
 Definition
C_____y is a theory of the origin of the universe.
Term
Cosmology is a theory of the structure of the universe, usually concerned with space, time, causality, and freedom
 Definition
Cos____y is a theory of the st____re of the universe, usually concerned with sp___e, t__e, cau___ty, and fre___om
Term
By 1970 cognitive science is established and soon dominates psychology.
 Definition
By 1970 cog____ve science is established and soon dominates psychology.
Term
From 1971 to 1981 cognitive psychology had not made any progress. The promise of AI was oversold. In cognitive psychology there was a concern with trivia, a lack of direction.
 Definition
From 1971 to 1981 cognitive psychology had not made any progress. The promise of __ was oversold. In cognitive psychology there was a concern with tr___a, a lack of direction.
Term
1990-2000 was the decade of the brain, 2000-2010 has been declared the decade of behavior.
 Definition
1990-2000 was the decade of the br__n, 2000-2010 has been declared the decade of beh___or.
Term
William McDougall, a British psychologist, developed hormic psychology in this country, a system of striving and purpose. He was not given much support from American psychologists especially after he supported Joseph Rhine's extrasensory experiments at Duke University.
 Definition
Wi___am Mc____ll, a British psychologist, developed ho___ic psychology in this country, a system of striving and purpose. He was not given much support from American psychologists especially after he supported Joseph R__ne's extras___ory experiments at Duke University.
Term
In McDougall's book “An Introduction to Social Psychology” he presents a theory of instincts to explain human behavior.
 Definition
In McDougall's book “An Introduction to S____l Psy____ogy” he presents a theory of instincts to explain human be____or.
Term
Credit for the return of cognitive psychology may be given to Jean Piaget. Ulric Neisser, and John von Neumann.
 Definition
Credit for the return of cognitive psychology may be given to Jean Pi__et. Ulric Ne__ser, and John von Neu___n.
Term
Piaget, a Cartesian Rationalist, emphasized that cognitive development is qualitative and not quantitative.
 Definition
Piaget, a Car___ian Rationalist, emphasized that cognitive development is qua___ative and not qua___tative.
Term
For Piaget, a schema is a mental structure that organizes and summarizes related experiences.
 Definition
For Piaget, a s____a is a mental structure that organizes and summarizes related experiences.
Term
Assimilation is the incorporation of a new experience into an infant's schema. Accommodation is changing a schema to reflect a new experience.
 Definition
Assi____tion is the incorporation of a new experience into an infant's schema. Ac_____ation is changing a schema to reflect a new experience.
Term
Piaget had four stages of cognitive development: the 1st 2 are: the sensorimotor stage (1-2 yrs.), ends with the achievement of object permanence which begins the preoperational stage (2-7 yrs.), complete with ego-centrism.
 Definition
Piaget had four stages of cognitive development: the 1st 2 are: the sens____or stage (1-2 yrs.), ends with the achievement of object permanence which begins the pre____nal stage (2-7 yrs.), complete with ego-centrism.
Term
Piaget had four stages of cognitive development (these talk about the last 2 of them). The achievement of the principle of conservation of quantity begins the concrete operational stage (7-11 yrs) and the fourth stage is the formal operational.
 Definition
Piaget had four stages of cognitive development (these talk about the last 2 of them). The achievement of the principle of conservation of quantity begins the co_____te operational stage (7-11 yrs) and the fourth stage is the formal op____onal.
Term
Piaget was quite popular after 1960 but has had no lasting influence.
 Definition
Piaget was quite popular after 1960 but has had no la____ng influence.
Term
Ulric Neisser wrote 'Cognitive Psychology' in 1967, his thesis was that schema, (mental structures) direct our behavior and are modified by our experiences.
 Definition
Ulric Nei___r wrote 'Cog__tive Psychology' in 1967, his thesis was that schema, (mental str____res) direct our behavior and are modified by our experiences.
Term
Neisser required “ecological validity”, be sure that your laboratory results generalize to the world outside.
 Definition
Neisser required “eco____cal vali___ty”, be sure that your laboratory results gene___ize to the world outside.
Term
John von Neumann began our computer simulation of human behavior. He and Norbert Wiener wrote a book “Theory of Games and Economic Behavior”.
 Definition
John von Ne___nn began our computer simulation of human behavior. He and Norbert Wiener wrote a book “Theory of Ga__s and Eco___ic Behavior”.
Term
There is info theory, info flow, and info processing. Shannon and Weaver introduced us to information theory.
 Definition
There is info th__ry, info fl_w, and info proce____ng. Sha_non and We_ver introduced us to inf_____ion theory.
Term
George Miller gave us short-term-memory, the magical number seven plus or minus two which fits well with information theory.
 Definition
George Mi___er gave us short-term-me___ry, the magical number seven plus or minus two which fits well with info___tion theory.
Term
Donald Broadbent, an engineering psychologist, introduced the concept of information flow.
 Definition
Donald Br____ent, an engineering psychologist, introduced the concept of information f__w.
Term
Newell and Simon gave us computers as models of human info processing.
 Definition
Newell and S__on gave us computers as models of human info pro___sing.
Term
According to information processing psychologists, introspection reveals little or nothing of cognitive processes.
 Definition
According to information processing psychologists, intr_____tion reveals little or nothing of cognitive processes.
Term
The concept of feedback gives us machines that can respond to what was happened.
 Definition
The concept of fe____ck gives us machines that can respond to what was happened.
Term
The concept of feedforward gives us machines that respond to what is about to happen.
 Definition
The concept of fee____ard gives us machines that respond to what is about to happen.
Term
According to Gilbert Ryle, the mistake of Cartesian dualism is to think that behaviors are controlled by an inner soul or ghost. Ryle calls this a “category mistake”.
 Definition
According to Gilbert Ryle, the mistake of Cartesian dualism is to think that behaviors are controlled by an in__r so_l or ghost. Ryle calls this a “cat___ry mistake”.
Term
Jerome Bruner introduced the new look in perception, perceptual defense, which occurs when a person tries not to experience a threatening stimulus
 Definition
Jerome Br__er introduced the new look in perception, perc__tual def___se, which occurs when a person tries not to experience a threa___ing stimulus
Term
Cognitive dissonance theory (Leon Festinger) says that we are motivated to make our cognitions or beliefs consistent.
 Definition
Cognitive diss___nce theory (Leon Festinger) says that we are motivated to make our cognitions or beliefs cons___ent.
Term
The cocktail-party-phenomenon is an example of selective attention
 Definition
The co____il-party-phen___non is an example of selective attention
Term
Miller, Galanter, and Pribam introduced the TOTE (test-operate-test-exit) unit as the structure of behavior.
 Definition
Mi__er, Gal__ter, and Pribam introduced the T__E (test-ope___e-test-ex_t) unit as the structure of behavior.
Term
Newell, Shaw, and Simon produced the General Problem Solver (GPS) , a start for Artificial Intelligence.
 Definition
Ne__ll, Sh_w, and Simon produced the Gen__al Pr_blem So__er (GPS) , a start for Art___cial Intelligence.
Term
In artificial intelligence (AI) studies, we find that computers can do what people find difficult but not what people find easy.
 Definition
In artificial inte___ence (AI) studies, we find that com____rs can do what pe__le find dif___ult but not what people find easy.
Term
A computer would pass Turing's test if you could not tell whether you were talking to a person or a computer.
 Definition
A computer would pass Tu__ng's test if you could not tell whether you were talking to a p___on or a com__ter.
Term
In the thought experiment, the Chinese Room, you are functioning exactly as a computer does. The psychologists on the other side of the wall conclude that you understand Chinese and have passed the Turing Test.
 Definition
In the tho__ht exper__ent, the Chi___e Room, you are functioning exactly as a com__ter does. The psychologists on the other side of the wall conclude that you understand Chinese and have passed the Tu__ng Test.
Term
You don't need to know how a computer works to use one, you don't need to know how a car works to drive one. You do have to obey the basic laws of physics. You don't need to know anything about the brain to understand behavior.
 Definition
You don't need to know how a computer works to u_e one, you don't need to know how a car works to dr__e one. You do have to obey the basic laws of phy__cs. You don't need to know anything about the br__n to understand behavior.
Term
If you have a computer programmer look at an alien computer, you would not dare touch the hardware, all you can do is look at input and output.
 Definition
If you have a computer programmer look at an al__n computer, you would not dare touch the hard__re, all you can do is look at in__t and out_ut.
Term
Cybernetics is the study of control processes in animals and machines.
 Definition
Cybe___tics is the study of control processes in ani_als and mach_nes.
Term
In AI the computer was used to model cognitive problems like the Prisoner's Dilemma.
 Definition
In AI the computer was used to model cognitive problems like the Pris__er's Di___ma.
Term
Noam Chomsky, a Cartesian Nativist, has a learning acquisition device (LAD) as an innate characteristic of the mind. Psycholinguistics.
 Definition
Noam Cho__ky, a Cartesian Nat__ist, has a learning acq___ition dev_ce (LAD) as an innate charac___istic of the mind. Psycholin_uistics.
Term
For Chomsky language was too complicated to be acquired by behaviorist learning principles.
 Definition
For Chomsky lang__ge was too complicated to be acquired by beha__orist learning pri__iples.
Term
Most children by their second birthday are uttering two-word or telegraphic sentences and by the time of high school graduation have a recognition vocabulary of 80,000 word. According to Chomsky it just “happens to the child.”
 Definition
Most chil_ren by their second birthday are uttering two-word or telegr___ic sentences and by the time of h_gh school graduation have a recognition vocabulary of 80,000 word. According to Chomsky it just “hap_ens to the chi_d.”
Term
Chomsky's psycholinguistics gave us the concepts of generative grammar and transformational grammar from deep structure to surface structure.
 Definition
Chomsky's psychol__guistics gave us the concepts of generative grammar and transf___ational grammar from d_ep structure to su_face structure.
Term
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle does not apply to anything larger than an atom.
 Definition
Heis__berg's uncertainty principle does not apply to anything larger than an at_m.
Term
Godel's proof implies that humans are not computer programs. The theorem states that any system that is of any power and is consistent cannot be complete, it can generate true statements but cannot be proven true itself.
 Definition
G__el's proof implies that hum_ns are not computer programs. The theorem states that any system that is of any po__r and is con__stent cannot be complete, it can generate tr_e statements but cannot be pr__en true itself.
Term
Paul Smolensky distinguishes the conscious processor and the intuitive processor. We quickly become intuitive car drivers.
 Definition
Paul Smo___sky distinguishes the consc__us processor and the intuitive processor. We qui__ly become intu__ive car drivers.
Term
Rule-generated is not the same as rule-following, Wuks and Wugs. All behavior is rule-governed but only conscious behavior is rule-following.
 Definition
Rule-generated is not the same as rule-fol___ing, Wuks and Wugs. All behavior is ru_e-governed but only con___ous behavior is rule-following.
Term
Computer architecture, sometimes called connectionism, parallel processing, or neural networks, represents a non-rule-based alternative to computing.
 Definition
Computer arch__ecture, sometimes called conn___ionism, par_llel processing, or ne__al networks, represents a non-rule-based alt__native to computing.
Term
According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, there are three stages of moral reasoning, the preconventional, the conventional, and the post conventional stages, each containing two levels.
 Definition
According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, there are th__ee stages of moral reasoning, the precon___tional, the con__ntional, and the p_st conventional stages, each containing t_o levels.
Term
In the first stage (of Lawerence Kohlberg's theory) the two levels are avoidance of punishment and desire for reward. The third level is earning the praise of others and the fourth is obeying laws. In the last two levels we are governed by internalized moral principles, your society's rules and lastly universal principles of right and wrong.
 Definition
In the first stage (of Lawerence Kohlberg's theory) the two levels are avoidance of pun___ment and desire for re__rd. The third level is earning the pr_ise of others and the fourth is ob__ing laws. In the last two levels we are governed by internalized m__al principles, your soc__ty's rules and lastly univ_rsal principles of ri__t and wr_ng.
Term
Was the cognitive revolution a Kuhnian revolution? Cognition is the human mind not the brain.
 Definition
Was the cogn_tive revolution a Kuh__an revolution? Cognition is the human m_nd not the br__n.
Term
Semantics is meaning and syntax is form. Is intentional anthropomorphic?
 Definition
Sem___ics is meaning and syn__x is form. Is intentional anthropomorphic?
Term
Herman Ebbinghaus showed that length of lists and time since learned were important independent variables.
 Definition
Herman Ebbi___aus showed that le__th of lists and t_me since learned were important indep_ndent variables.
Term
Ebbinghaus used relearning as a dependent variable in his memory experiments.
 Definition
Ebbi___aus used rele___ing as a dependent variable in his memory experiments.
Term
There is a clear distinction between distributed and massed practice. (studying a little every day versus cram for exam).
 Definition
There is a clear distinction between dist___uted and mas_ed practice. (studying a little every day versus cram for exam).
Term
Modern research frequently uses recall, recognition, and reproduction tests of memory.
 Definition
Modern research frequently uses rec__l, reco___tion, and repro___tion tests of memory.
Term
Memory has been compared to a muscle, an electric circuit, a recording, and information processing.
 Definition
Memory has been compared to a mu__le, an ele___ic circuit, a reco__ing, and information processing.
Term
An engram is a lasting physiological alteration hypothesized to occur when neural tissue is stimulated and accounts for memory.
 Definition
An e___am is a lasting phys__logical alteration hypothesized to occur when ne__al tissue is stim_lated and accounts for m_mory.
Term
In the info-processing model there are thought to be three processes of memory, encoding, storage, and retrieval.
 Definition
In the in_o-proce__ing model there are thought to be three processes of memory, enc_ding, stor_ge, and retri__al.
Term
Semantic encoding refers to the processing of meanings.
 Definition
Sem__tic encoding refers to the processing of mean_ngs.
Term
There are three structural components of memory for cognitive psychologists, sensory memory, STM and LTM.
 Definition
There are three stru__ural components of memory for cognitive psychologists, sen__ry memory, S_M and LT_.
Term
By exposing people to three rows of letters for only 1/20th of a second, George Sperling demonstrated that people have sensory memory.
 Definition
By exposing people to th__e rows of letters for only 1/20th of a second, George Spe__ing demonstrated that people have sen__ry memory.
Term
Iconic memory lasts about 250 msec. while echoic memory appears to last up to 3 sec.
 Definition
Ic__ic memory lasts about 250 msec. while ech__c memory appears to last up to 3 sec.
Term
After finding a phone number you are able to remember it only long enough to dial it. The telephone number was stored in STM.
 Definition
After finding a phone number you are able to rem__ber it only long enough to dial it. The telephone number was stored in S_M.
Term
“The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the capacity of STM.
 Definition
“The mag__al number se_en, plus or minus t_o” refers to the capacity of STM.
Term
Flashbulb memories seem to go direct to the LTM.
 Definition
Fla___ulb memories seem to go direct to the LTM.
Term
In LTM we call memory of facts, explicit memory, and memory of skills, implicit memory.
 Definition
In L_M we call memory of facts, exp__cit memory, and memory of skills, impl__it memory.
Term
Explicit memory is to implicit memory as declarative memory is to non-declarative memory.
 Definition
Exp__cit memory is to impl_cit memory as decl___tive memory is to non-declarative memory.
Term
Episodic memory is memory of events that you have experienced, the memory of a bicycle accident.
 Definition
Epi___ic memory is memory of events that you have exp___enced, the memory of a bicycle accident.
Term
Semantic memory is memory of general knowledge. The capitol of Egypt is Cairo.
 Definition
Sem__tic memory is memory of general kno__edge. The capitol of Egypt is Cairo.
Term
Endel Tulving is responsible for the distinction between episodic and semantic memory.
 Definition
En_el Tul_ing is responsible for the distinction between epis_dic and sem_ntic memory.
Term
Implicit memory has two components, procedural memory and disposition memory.
 Definition
Imp__cit memory has two components, proce__ral memory and dispo__tion memory.
Term
Disposition memory results from classical and operant conditioning.
 Definition
Disp___tion memory results from clas_ical and ope_ant conditioning.
Term
The conscious repetition of information in order to maintain it in memory is called rehearsal.
 Definition
The conscious rep__ition of information in order to maintain it in memory is called rehe__sal.
Term
Mnemonics (memory helpers) are memory tricks usually used in semantic memory.
 Definition
Mne__nics (memory helpers) are memory tricks usu__ly used in semantic memory.
Term
Rehearsal and mnemonics are useful to enhance LTM.
 Definition
Reh__rsal and mnemon_cs are useful to enhance L_M.
Term
Retroactive interference. After learning the combination for his new lock he is unable to remember the combination of his old lock.
 Definition
Ret___ctive interference. After learning the combination for his new lock he is unable to remember the combination of his old lock.
Term
Proactive inhibition. The phone number of Sam's old girlfriend makes it difficult for him to remember the phone number of his new girlfriend.
 Definition
Pro___ive inhibition. The phone number of Sam's old girlfriend makes it difficult for him to remember the phone number of his new girlfriend.
Term
Research on memory retrieval indicates that memories of past experiences are frequently a combination of fact and confabulation.
 Definition
Research on memory ret__eval indicates that memories of past experiences are frequently a combi__tion of fact and confa__lation.
Term
Memory illusions like perceptual illusions are quite normal.
 Definition
Memory ill__ions like perc__tual illusions are quite normal.
Term
Elizabeth Loftus is a pioneer in witness inaccuracy and recovered memories. (Where is the cat?)
 Definition
Eli__beth Lof_us is a pioneer in witness inac__racy and reco__red memories. (Where is the cat?)
Term
Henry Roediger's research design has been very important in memory research.
 Definition
He_ry Ro__iger's research design has been very important in me_ory rese__ch.
Term
In behavioral systems, an understanding of learning is sufficient to understand much of what is called memory.
 Definition
In beha__oral systems, an understanding of lear_ing is sufficient to understand much of what is called me__ry.
Term
There exists no convincing evidence that past experiences are permanently and accurately stored in memory.
 Definition
There exists no convincing evidence that past experiences are perma__ntly and acc__ately stored in memory.
Term
The general public believes there is such evidence (of good memory accuracy) and believes in memory as a tape recorder.
 Definition
The general pub_ic believes there is such evidence (of good memory accuracy) and believes in memory as a t_pe rec__der.
Term
The Royal College of Psychiatrists in England forbids memory recovery in therapy.
 Definition
The Ro_al College of Psych_atrists in England forbids memory recovery in the_apy.
Term
Canadian Supreme Court has ruled that memories enhanced by hypnosis are scientifically and legally unreliable and should not be allowed in criminal cases.
 Definition
Can_dian Supreme Court has ruled that memories enhanced by hypnosis are scientifically and legally unreliable and should not be allowed in criminal ca_es.
Term
Hypnosis does not unlock forgotten memories but sure does produce illusory memories.
 Definition
Hyp__sis does not unlock forgo_ten memories but sure does produce il___ory memories.
Term
You can be quite confident about memories recovered in hypnosis but they are not at all accurate.
 Definition
You can be quite confident about memories rec_vered in hyp__sis but they are not at all ac___ate.
Term
Hypnosis, dream analysis, and imagination enhancement exercises are techniques used by professional therapist that are highly likely to promote the construction of false memories.
 Definition
Hyp__sis, dream ana_ysis, and imagination enhanc_ment exercises are techniques used by professional therapist that are highly lik_ly to promote the construction of fal_e memo__es.
Term
There is no evidence for the existence of satanic ritual abuse.
 Definition
There is no evi_ence for the exis__nce of sat_nic rit_al abuse.
Term
Research on memory construction shows that memories of past experiences are likely to be distorted by our current attitudes and beliefs.
 Definition
Research on memory construction shows that memories of p_st experiences are likely to be dis___ted by our current attit_des and beli_fs.
Term
Children were periodically asked if they remembered going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger. This illustrates the dynamics of social influence.
 Definition
Children were periodically asked if they remembered going to the ho____al with a mousetrap on their finger. This illustrates the dynamics of so__al infl__nce.
Term
The misinformation effect is illustrated by the auto accident film experiment by E. Loftus.
 Definition
The misinfo_mation effect is illustrated by the auto accident film experiment by E. Lo__us.
Term
Research on the misinformation effect indicates that events from the distant past are especially vulnerable to memory distortion.
 Definition
Research on the misinformation effect indicates that eve_ts from the di__ant past are especially vulnerable to me__ry disto_tion.
Term
The more stressful an event, the less likely it will be forgotten.
 Definition
The more stre__ful an event, the l__s likely it will be forgotten.
Term
80% of CSA ("Child Sexual Abuse") victims remember. Of the 20% who don't, repression is not the answer.
 Definition
80% of CSA ("Child Sexual Abuse") victims remember. Of the 20% who don't, rep___sion is not the answer.
Term
80% of CSA ("Child Sexual Abuse") victims remember. Of the 20% who don't, repression is not the answer.
 Definition
80% of CSA ("Child Sexual Abuse") victims remember. Of the 20% who don't, rep___sion is not the answer.
Term
WARNING, the concept of repression has not been validated by research and its use may be hazardous to your clinical behavior and your client.
 Definition
WARNING, the co__ept of repre__ion has not been val__ated by research and its use may be hazardous to your clinical behavior and your client.
Term
We cannot reliably distinguish between true and false memories because we false memories can be just as durable as true ones.
 Definition
We cannot reliably distinguish between t__e and false memories because we fa__e memories can be just as durable as true ones.
Term
False memories may feel as real as true memories. The more they are repeated the more confident we become.
 Definition
Fa_se memories may feel as re_l as true memories. The more they are repeated the more conf__ent we become.
Term
Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that it is very difficult for both the children and the professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories.
 Definition
Research on young chil___n's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that it is very dif___ult for both the children and the professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories.
Term
If a child does not know the answer to a question whatever the adult suggests will be given.
 Definition
If a child does not know the an__er to a qu__tion whatever the ad_lt suggests will be given.
Term
If you are asked to imagine that something happened to you as a child, you are likely to report it and believe it later. Imagined events can induce you to believe that the event actually occurred.
 Definition
If you are asked to im__ine that something hap__ned to you as a chi_d, you are likely to report it and be__eve it later. Imagined events can induce you to believe that the event act___ly oc___red.
Term
55% of 3yr olds reported genital exams when none were given. Anatomically correct dolls were used for the questioning.
 Definition
5_% of _yr olds reported genital exams when n__e were given. Anatomically correct do_ls were used for the questi_ning.
Term
Adults with symptoms of distress commonly experienced by CSA survivors have often been advised and encouraged to recover memories of sexual abuse that they might have experienced in childhood.
 Definition
Adults with sym_toms of dis__ess commonly experienced by C_A survivors have often been advised and encouraged to recover memories of se__al abuse that they might have experienced in ch_ldho_d.
Term
Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure illustrates motivated forgetting.
 Definition
Comp__sive gamb__rs frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure illustrates m_tivated forg__ting.
Term
Michael Ross and his colleagues observed that people exposed to convincing arguments about the benefits of frequent tooth brushing tended to exaggerate how often they brushed their teeth.
 Definition
Mic__el Ro_s and his colleagues observed that people exposed to con__ncing arguments about the benefits of frequent tooth brushing tended to exag__rate how often they b___hed their teeth.
Term
In a small Midwestern city over a period of 10 years 41% of rape reports were false.
 Definition
In a small Midwest_rn city over a period of __ years 4_% of rape reports were false.
Term
Confidence sways juries and therapists too. Confidence and accuracy are independent.
 Definition
Conf___nce sways jur_es and thera__sts too. Confid__ce and ac__racy are independent.
Term
Have you ever received a punishment (as a child) that you yourself wouldn't use on a child? ..this is defined as abuse according to the Instructor
 Definition
Have you ever received a punishment (as a child) that you yourself wouldn't use on a child? (Teacher had this in his notes.. it's simply a question he posted) ..this is defined as abuse according to the Instructor
Term
No more MPD in the DSM V? Sybil was a complete fraud.
 Definition
No more MPD in the DSM V? S_bil was a complete f__ud.
Term
The Mondale Act of 1974 provided immunity for accuser and mandated reporting of childhood abuse.
 Definition
The Mo___le Act of 1974 provided imm__ity for accuser and mandated reporting of chi__hood ab_se.
Term
Conflict of interest disorder. In the DSM IVTR. 50% of the task force had ties with big Pharma. In the DSM V 70%.
 Definition
Con__ict of inte__st dis_rder. In the DSM IVTR. 50% of the task force had ties with big Pharma. In the DSM V _0%.
Term
Two out of 700 pages deal with adverse side effects. Tardive dyskinesia gets one paragraph. Diabetes?
 Definition
Two out of 700 pages deal with adverse side effects. Tar__ve dysk__esia gets one paragraph. Diabetes?
Term
1. Eli Lilly. 1999, patent on Prozac expires. Think you have PMS? Could be PMDD, Premenstrual Dysphasic Disorder. There is a new pill available, Sarafem, (Prozac) FDA killed the ads.
 Definition
1. Eli Lilly. 1999, patent on Prozac expires. Think you have PMS? Could be PMDD, Prem__strual Dysp__sic Dis__der. There is a new pill available, Sarafem, (Prozac) FDA killed the ads.
Term
DSM Diagnoses are reliable (?) and have no validity.
 Definition
DSM Diagnoses are rel__ble (?) and have no val__ity.
Term
The DSM IV is categorical without any degree of membership in the category allowed. There are problems...
 Definition
The DSM IV is categ___cal without any deg_ee of member__ip in the category allowed. There are problems...
Term
Members of a category are not all the same.
 Definition
Memb_rs of a category are not all the s_me.
Term
There are no clear boundaries between categories
 Definition
There are no cl_ar bound_ries between cat___ries
Term
The categories are not mutually exclusive.
 Definition
The categories are not mut__lly excl_s_ve.
Term
Is PTSD dimensional or categorical? If categorical then it fits into the MM (Medical Model) very nicely. If not then perhaps it is normal behavior taken to an extreme.
 Definition
Is PT_D dimensi_nal or catego__cal? If categorical then it fits into the M_ (Medical M_del) very nicely. If not then perhaps it is n_rmal behavior taken to an ext__me.
Term
DSM is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It has been suggested that it be renamed DSM of Brain Disorders. How about Psychiatric Disorders or Psychological Disorders. What a turf war would result!
 Definition
DSM is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis_rders. It has been suggested that it be renamed DSM of Bra_n Dis_rders. How about Psych__tric Disorders or Psych___gical Disord_rs. What a turf war would result!
Term
We have 3 parts to social psychology, social influence, social thinking,k and social relations.
 Definition
We have 3 parts to social psychology, social inf___nce, social th___ing,k and social rel_ti_ns.
Term
Social influence is about how we influence and are influenced by others. Sometimes called compliance, suggestibility, or conformity.
 Definition
Social influence is about how we infl__nce and are infl__nced by others. Sometimes called compl_ance, suggestibility, or confo__ity.
Term
The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate later compliance with a larger request is called the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
 Definition
The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate later compliance with a larger request is called the f__t-in-t_e-d__r phenomenon
Term
Solomon Asch, a Gestalt oriented social psychologist, did experiments on group social pressure. His experiment with line length is a study of compliance.
 Definition
Solomon A__h, a Gestalt oriented social psychologist, did experiments on group social pr___ure. His experiment with line length is a study of complia_ce.
Term
Muzafer Sherif demonstrated the power of social influence on autokinetic movement, a study of compliance. Sherif also accomplished one of the first experiments on prejudice.
 Definition
Muz_fer Sher_f demonstrated the power of social influence on autokin_tic movement, a study of compliance. Sherif also accomplished one of the first experiments on pr_jud_ce.
Term
In Stanley Milgram's famous experiment we find that most people will apply apparently harmful shocks to others if told to do so by an authority figure.
 Definition
In St_nley M_lgram's famous experiment we find that most people will apply apparently harmf_l sh_cks to others if told to do so by an auth__ity figure.
Term
Milgram said that he was investigating the effect of punishment on learning. Here we have a study of obedience.
 Definition
Milgram said that he was investigating the effect of pun_shm_nt on l__rning. Here we have a study of ob_d_ence.
Term
Studies of “Facilitated communication” show that people often don't know the influence they exert over others.
 Definition
Studies of “Facil_tated commun___tion” show that people often don't know the influence they ex_rt over others.
Term
Expert pool players who make 71% of their shots when alone, make 80% of their shots when there is an audience. This is social facilitation.
 Definition
Exp_rt pool players who make 71% of their shots when alone, make 80% of their shots when there is an audience. This is soc_al facil_tation.
Term
Social thinking concerns the effect of others or lack of effect on your thinking process.
 Definition
S_ci_l th_nking concerns the effect of others or lack of eff__t on your thinking process.
Term
The discomfort that we feel when we have two thoughts that are inconsistent is called cognitive dissonance.
 Definition
The discomfort that we feel when we have two thoughts that are inconsistent is called c_gn_tive dis___ance.
Term
Groupthink can be avoided by a leader who invites outside experts to critique a group's new plan.
 Definition
Gr__pth_nk can be avoided by a leader who invites outside experts to critique a gr__p's new plan.
Term
In the area of social thinking a distinction is made between situational (External) and dispositional (Internal) attributions.
 Definition
In the area of social thinking a distinction is made between situat___al (External) and disp___tional (Internal) attributions.
Term
The Fundamental Attribution Error is an actor-observer bias. We are controlled by external factors, others are controlled by internal factors.
 Definition
The Fund_ment_l Attr_but__n E__or is an actor-observer bias. We are controlled by ext__nal factors, others are contr__led by internal factors.
Term
Philip Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment was a study in attribution and is still being argued.
 Definition
Ph_lip Zimb_rdo's Stanford prison exper_ment was a study in attribution and is still being arg_ed.
Term
In social relations we study aggression. Aggression is not an instinctive behavior.
 Definition
In social rel_tions we study aggr_ssion. Ag__ession is not an inst___tive behavior.
Term
George is involved in more violent fights at school because he gets attention and respect. This clearly indicates that aggression is a learned response.
 Definition
George is involved in more violent fights at school because he gets attention and respect. This clearly indicates that ag___ssion is a le___ed response.
Term
Another area of social relations is that of altruism. Altruism is when there is a voluntary cost to you that is a benefit to another.
 Definition
Another area of social relations is that of altr___m. Altr___m is when there is a voluntary cost to you that is a benef_t to an_ther.
Term
Bibb Latane (1937- ) along with John Darley (1938- ) has performed experiments on bystander apathy.
 Definition
B_bb Latane (1937- ) along with John Da__ey (1938- ) has performed experiments on bystander ap_thy.
Term
The fact that people are less likely to give aid in an emergency if many other people are present is called the bystander effect.
 Definition
The fact that people are less likely to give a_d in an emergency if many other people are pres_nt is called the bys___der effect.
Term
Stereotypes are a subject in social relations. Difference is never an excuse for discrimination.
 Definition
Ster__typ_s are a subject in social relations. Dif_erence is never an excuse for discr_minat__n.
Term
The “Hawthorne Effect” is the idea that if workers are put into an experiment, production will increase.
 Definition
The “Haw___rne Ef__ct” is the idea that if workers are put into an experiment, production will increase.
Term
Recently the “Hawthorne Effect” has been reanalyzed and it may be a myth. The effect may have been produced by replacing a poor worker with a better one in the middle of the experiment.
 Definition
Recently the “Hawthorne Effect” has been reanalyzed and it may be a m__h. The effect may have been produced by replacing a p__r worker with a better one in the m__dle of the exper_ment.
Term
Piaget's four stages are, in order: 1) Sensorimotor, 2) Preoperational, 3) Concrete, and 4) Formal Operational
 Definition
What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development: (Hints, in order: 1st is from birth to age 2: Se__r_m_tor, 2nd begins about the time of speech to age 7: Pre_p__a__onal, 3rd is about first grade to adolescence: C_ncr_t_, and 4th is adolence and beyond: Fo__al Op__ati_nal.)
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