Term
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Definition
| principle investigator of the study of syntax/"transformational grammar" |
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Term
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Definition
| used by Freud to mean emotional reactions to a patient that are determined not by the patient's own personality traits and disorders, but rather the psychoanalyst's own unconscious conflict. |
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Term
| light sensitivity: rods vs. cones |
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Definition
| rods (on outside) are more sensitive to light than cones (in center) |
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Term
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Definition
| argues for 6 basic emotions based on universal identifiability |
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Term
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Definition
| happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust |
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Term
| Freud's psychosexual stages |
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Definition
1. oral
2. anal
3. phallic
4. latency (6 yrs. - puberty)
5. genital (puberty-adult) |
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Term
| R or L: perception of complex geometric patterns |
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Definition
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Term
| ascending system of reticular formation |
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Definition
| responsible for sleep and waking |
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Term
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Definition
| to remove (i.e. part of the brain with a vacuum or scalpel) |
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Term
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Definition
| to cut to relevant pathways in order to isolate part of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the recording of brain activity by monitoring chemical or electrical activity from inside the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| a tiny tube used to inject or withdraw small quantities of brain chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| computerized tomography - creates a composite x-ray pic based on views from different angles |
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Term
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Definition
| EEg - a record of the summed activity of cortical cells picked up by wires placed on the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| basically photographic memory |
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Term
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Definition
| passes a high frequency alternating magnetic field through the brain to detet the different resonant frequencies of its nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of neurons clumped together |
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Term
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Definition
| medulla, pons, cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the hindbrain and the rearmost portion of the brain, just adjacent to the spinal cord. Involved in the control of respiration, circulation, balance, and protective reflexes such as coughing and sneezing |
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Term
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Definition
| the topmost portion of the hindbrain just above the medulla and in front of the cerebellum; involved in coordinating facial sensations and muscular actions, and in regulating sleep and arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| two small hemispheres that form part of the hindbrain and control muscular coordination and balance - think cauliflower |
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Term
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Definition
| created by transecting the brain at a point just above the hindbrain, thus leaving only the hindbrain and spinal cord in primary control; can make the movements but can't put them together |
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Term
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Definition
| created by transecting brain just above the midbrain, so that it's got mid, hind, and spinal cord going for it; it acts, but without point or pupose |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in arousal, the sleep-waking cycle, and auditory and visual targeting |
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Term
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Definition
| clevege between right and left hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| A progressive hereditory disorder that involves degeneration of th ebasal ganglia and that results in jerky limb movements, facial twitches, and uncontrolled writhing of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| A small structure at he base of the forebrain that plays a vital role in the control of the autonomic nervous system, of the endocrine system, and of the major biological drives |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of the lower portion of the forebrain that serves as a major relay and integration center for sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| in the extrapyramidal motor system, a set of subcortical structure in the cerebrum that send messages to the spinal cord through the midbrain to modulate various motor functions |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two cerebral motor control systems; it is older in evolutionary terms, and it controls relatively gross movements of the hear, limbs, and trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of brain structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, cortex, and parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus. believed to be involved in the control of emotional behavior and motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| the twelve pairs of nerves that enter and exit directly from the hindbrain; control movements of the head and neck, carry sensations from them including vision, olfaction, and audition, and regulate the various glandular secretions in the head |
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Term
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Definition
| groove separating frontal and parietal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| groove separating temporal lobe from both the frontal and parietal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern in which movements on the right side of the body are controlled by the left half of the brain, and vice-versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| regions of the cortex that serve as receiving stations for sensory information or as dispatching stations for motor commands |
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Term
| primary motor projection area location |
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Definition
| strip of cortex located at the back of the frontal lobe just ahead of the primary sensory projection area in the parietal lobe |
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Term
| primary somatosensory projection area location |
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Definition
| strip of cortex located at the front of the parietal lobe just behind the primary motor area in the frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| a serious disturbance in the initiation or organization of voluntary action, caused by brain lesion(s) |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders in which the sufferer cannot identify familiar objects using the affected sensory modality (i.e. visual, or whatever) |
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Term
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Definition
| type of agnosia involving both the temporal and parietal lobes in which the sufferer cannot recognize faces (mainly) |
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Term
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Definition
| the result of certain lesions of the right parietal love that leave a patient inattentive to stimuli to her left and result in her ignoring the left side of her body |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by damage to left parietal lobe, involves a cluster of difficulties, including the inability to form mathematical calculations, the loss of handwriting, and confusion about L v. R |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders of speech resulting from certain lesions in the cortical nonprimary areas |
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Term
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Definition
| a brain area in the frontal lobe crucial for language production, the damage of which can lead to non-fluent aphasias |
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Term
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Definition
| coordinated patterns of speech movements, constructed in Broca's area, that are relayed to the primary motor projection area for decoding into discrete muscular movements |
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Term
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Definition
| A brain area adjacent to the auditory projection area, damage to which leads to deficits in understanding word meaning (fluent aphasia) |
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Term
| prefrontal damage: common effects |
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Definition
| lack of spontaneity, few facial expressions and gestures, speak little, poor strategy formation, bad at following rules, deficiency in response inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| asymmetry of function between the two hemispheres |
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Term
| left hemisphere specialities |
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Definition
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Term
| right hemisphere specialities |
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Definition
| space and form, music perception, overall pattern of tasks (as opposed to details) |
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Term
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Definition
| a bundle of fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing for communication/collaboration |
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Term
| central pattern generators |
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Definition
| circuits in the nervous system that orchestrate lower level reflexes and other neural activities into larger, organized acts. CPGs instigate certain crucial basic actions, such as chewing, breathing, locomotion, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase of some reaction tendency by the removal of some inhibiting influence upon it (e.g. the increased strength of a frog's spinal reflexes after decapitation) |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons whose cell bodies are in the brain or spinal cord and whose axons terminate on muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that convey information from sense organs to other portions the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in the brain that act as guidewires for growing neurons, provide a supportive scaffolding for mature neurons, and form the myelin sheath and blood-brain barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| white matter = myelinated; gray matter = not |
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Term
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Definition
| an electronic monitoring device that uses a cathode ray tube (CRT) to display signals such as electrocardiograph signals or action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| neuron's excitation threshold |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| destabilization-restabilization sequence that happens at +40 mV |
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Term
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Definition
| disease in which the myelin of neurons is attacked. Can include blindness, numbness, and paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered the synapse by stimulating specifics points on dogs whose spinal cord was separated from higher areas |
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Term
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Definition
| the process whereby a stimulus that is below threshold will elicit a reflex if the stimulus occurs repeatedly |
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Term
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Definition
| the process whereby two or more stimuli that are individually below threshold will elicit a reflex if they occur simultaneously at different points on the body |
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Term
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Definition
| makes muscle fibers contract by releasing at neuromuscular junction (among other things) |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in many of the mechanisms of sleep, mood, and arousal (among other things) |
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Term
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Definition
| critical in the retina of the eye and appears to be important for long-term memory as well as for the perception of pain |
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Term
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Definition
| the most widely distributed inhibitory transmitter of the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that neurotransmitter molecules will only affect the postsynaptic membrane if their shape fits into that of certain receptor molecules (overly simplified) |
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Term
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Definition
| neurochemicals within the neuron that regulate such mechanisms as the creation of receptor sites for specific neurotransmitters and the synthesis of the neuron's own neurotransmitter, thus determining the neuron's overall responsiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that enhance a neurotransmitter's activity |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that impede a neurotransmitter's activity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| probably caused by an oversensitivity to dopamine. can involve delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre mannerisms/gestures |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized membranes that surround the blood vessels within the brain and that filter toxins and other harmful chemicals, ensuring brain cells' a relatively pure blood supply |
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Term
| a NT that's also a hormone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| slight difficulty in finding words that may persist after most of the effects of a stroke have faded away (i.e.) |
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Term
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Definition
| new branches grown on axons next to damaged neurons, allowing for some recovery of function |
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Term
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Definition
| neurochemicals that promote the sprouting of new neuronal connections |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA anti-diuretic hormone. Manufactured in the hypothalamus and secreted by the pituitary, elevates blood pressure by producing vasoconstriction and instructs the kidneys to conserve water instead of excreting it. |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance produced by the kidneys when there is a decrease in the amt. of liquid passing through them, activation receptors in the brain that monitor the volume of blood and other fluids in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| intracellular receptors that monitor amt. of water within the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone released by the duodendum that appears to send a 'stop eating' message to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone released by adipose cells to control eating |
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Term
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Definition
| refusal to eat (and sometimes drink) brought about by a lateral lesion in the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| overeating brought on by lesion to the ventralmedial region of the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, trails in which US is presented with (or immediately after) CS |
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Term
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, trials in which CS is presented without the US |
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Term
| 3 ways that one can measure the strength of the CR |
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Definition
1. response amplitude
2. probability of response
3. response latency |
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Term
| second-order conditioning |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, conditioning where CS is used to condition new CS |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to describe what happened when CS is repeatedly presented without US to the point that CR becomes unlearned |
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Term
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Definition
| conditioning after extinction-- faster than original |
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Term
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the pattern that shows how, in general, the greater the difference between a new stimulus and the original CS, the weaker the CR |
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Term
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Definition
| the inhibition of a response conditioned by fear |
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Term
| conditioned emotional response |
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Definition
| a technique in which a conditioned stimulus evokes fear, which in turn suppresses whatever other activities the animal is currently engaged in. For example, a rat will no longer press a lever for a food reward after several trials involving a light or tone that precedes an electrical shock. |
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Term
| instrumental conditioning |
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Definition
| (aka operant conditioning) a form of learning in which a reinforcer (e.g. food) is given only if the animal performs the instrumental response (e.g. pressing a lever). In effect, what has to be learned is the relationship between the response and the reinforcer. |
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Term
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Definition
| studied cats in puzzles boxes as example of instrumental conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| by thorndike. basically that the strength of a response is determined by its consequences (in instrumental conditioning) |
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Term
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Definition
| in instrumental conditioning, the external stimuli that signal a particular relationship between the instrumental response and the reinforcer. For example, a green light is a positive discriminative stimulus when it signals to a pigeon that it will get food if it hops on a treadle; the reverse is true of a red light, or the negative discriminative stimulus, which indicates that this action will not lead to a food reward. |
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Term
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Definition
| an initially neutral stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties through pairing with another stimulus that is already reinforcing. |
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Term
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Definition
| an instrumental learning procedure in which an animal (or human) learns a rather difficult response through the reinforcement of successive approximations to that response. |
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Term
| successive approximations |
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Definition
| the process of shaping a response by rewarding the steps that go toward the behavioral goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of responding in which an organism seems to evaluate a reward relative to other rewards that are available or that have been available recently. For example, an animal might respond only weakly to a reward of two pellets if it recently received a reward of five pellets. |
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Term
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Definition
| motivation that seems inherent in an activity itself, as when we engage in an activity for its own sake or merely because it is fun. |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement schedule in which reward is presented only some of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| a fixed ratio schedule in which the participant must produce 3 responses in order to receive each reward. |
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Term
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Definition
| in instrumental conditioning, a variable ratio schedule in which reinforcement comes after an average of 10 responses |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed interval schedule-- next response after 12 min. elapsed is rewarded |
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Term
| partial-reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| the fact that response is much harder to extinguish if it was acquired during partial rather than continuous reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| instrumental learning in which the reinforcement consists of the reduction or cessation of an aversive stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| instrumental learning in which the response averts an aversive stimulus before it occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| an effect produced when two conditioned stimuli, A and B, are both presented together with the unconditioned stimulus (US). If stimulus A has previously been associated with the unconditioned stimulus while B has not, the formation of an association between stimulus B and the US will be impaired (blocked). |
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Term
| act-outcome representation (and who) |
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Definition
| a type of association hypothesized by Edward Tolman to be the prodcut of instrumental learning; an organism that has acquired this sort of associatin has acquired the knowledge that a certain type of act leads to a particular consequence |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered the blocking effect |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs without being manifested by performance (i.e. knowledge of a maze that is not manifested until there is a reward) |
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Term
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Definition
| an acquired sense that one can no longer control one's environment, with the sad consequence that one gives up trying |
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Term
| equipotentiality principle |
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Definition
| the claim (contradicted by much evidence) that organisms can learn to associate any response with any reward or to associate any pair of stimuli |
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Term
| belongingness in learning |
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Definition
| the fact that the ease with which associations are formed depends upon the items to be associated. This holds for classical conditioning in which some CS-US combinations are more effective than others (e.g., learned taste aversions) and for instrumental conditioning in which some response-reinforcer combinations are more effective than others (e.g., learned taste aversions) and for instrumental conditioning in which some response-reinforcer combinations work more easily than others (e.g., specific defense reactions in avoidance conditioning of species) |
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Term
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the establishment of a CR after only one pairing of CS and US (i.e., with learned taste aversion) |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of cellular plasticity in which a postsynaptic neuron becomes more sensitive (potentiated) to the signal received from the presynaptic neuron. this potentiation is usually produced by a rapid and sustained burst of firing by the presynaptic neuron. The potentiation can then spread to other presynaptic neurons provided that they have fired in the past at the same time as the presynaptic cell that produced the potentiation in the first place. |
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Term
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Definition
| argues that nonhuman animals solve problems through a process guided only by trial and error (law of effect) |
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Term
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Definition
| showed that some animals can behave intelligently to solve problems (i.e. chimps can use tools) |
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Term
| transfer of training tests |
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Definition
| procedures used to ascertain whether skills learned in one setting generalize to other settings |
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Term
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Definition
| an object or event outside (e.g., a tree) as contrasted to the proximal stimulus (e.g., the retinal image of the tree), which is the pattern of physical energies that originates from the distal stimulus and impinges on a sense organ |
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Term
| 4 questions of psychophysics |
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Definition
| detection, discrimination, scaling, recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| just noticeable difference-- the amount of change required to surpass the difference threshold |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the observation that the size of the difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the standard stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| In Weber's law, the fraction given by the change in stimulus intensity (∆I) divided by the standard intensity (I) required to produce a just-noticeable difference: ∆I/I = C. |
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Term
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Definition
| the assertion that the strength of a sensation (subjectively experienced) is proportional to the logarithm of physical stimulus intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that the act of perceiving or not perceiving a stimulus is actually a judgment about whether a momentary sensory experience is due to background noise alone or to the background noise plus signal |
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Term
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Definition
| in signal detection theory, an ideal state in which, in some sensory domain, the participant is perceiving nothing. this state is impossible. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) in a signal detection experiment, a table that shows the costs and benefits of each of the four possible outcomes: a hit, reporting the stimulus when it is present; a correct negative; a miss; and a flase alarm |
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Term
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Definition
| the rule by which the nervous system represents the sensory characteristics of the stimulus. One example is firing frequency which, in touch and vision, encodes increased stimulus intensity. |
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Term
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Definition
| a distinguishing attribute of a stimulus (e.g., sound frequency as a determinant of pitch) |
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Term
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Definition
| the magnitude of a stimulus as it is perceived, not in terms of its physical attributes |
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Term
| doctrine of specific nerve energies |
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Definition
| the law formulated by Johannes Müller which holds that differences in sensory quality are not caused by differences in the stimuli themselves but by the different nervous structures that these stimuli excite. Thus, stimulating the retina will produce sensations of light, whether the retina is stimulated by a beam of light or pressure to the eyeball |
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Term
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Definition
| doctrine of specific nerve energies |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to sensory experience which asserts that different sensory qualities are signalled by differed neurons. these neurons are somehow labeled with their quality, so that when they fire, the nervous system interprets their activation as that particular sensory quality. |
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Term
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Definition
| a general term for sensory information generated by receptors in the muscles, tendons, and joints which informs us of our skeletal movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| the three curved tubules found within the inner ear that contain a viscous fluid that is easily perturbed if jostled. The canals provide moment-to-moment information about head movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of receptors that provide information about the orientation and movements of the head, located in the semicircular canals and the vestibular sacs of the inner ear. |
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Term
| skin sensations (4 main, 3 others) |
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Definition
| pressure, warmth, cold, pain. vibration, tickle, itch. |
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Term
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Definition
| the increased or decreased sensitivity of the sensory system in response to other ongoing stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a sensitivity to a particular stimulus declines when it is continually presented |
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Term
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Definition
| a distinct set of receptor cells in the nose that are specialized for the detection of pheromones |
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Term
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Definition
| the logarithmic units used to describe sound intensity (or amplitude) |
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Term
| range of human audition (in Hz) |
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Definition
| 20 - 20,000 Hz (cycles/second) |
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Term
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Definition
| a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains the basilar membrane whose deformation by sound-produced pressure stimulates the auditory receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the structures of the ear that includes that earflap, the auditory canal, and the outer surface of the eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
| the taut membrane that transmits vibrations caused by soundwaves across the middle ear to the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| the tube that carries sound from the outer ear to the eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane separating the middle ear from the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| the antechamber to the inner ear which amplifies the sound-produced vibrations of the eardrum and transfers them to the cochlea. |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the ear in which the actual transduction of sound takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| the three small bones in the structures of the ear that includes the earflap, the auditory canal, and the outer surface of the eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
| the auditory receptors in the cochlea, lodged between the basilar membrane and other membranes above. |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed place theory of pitch |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of pitch which states that different regions of the basilar membrane in the cochlea respond to different sound frequencies. the nervous system interprets the excitation from different basilar regions as different pitches |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of radiant energy per unit time. major determinant of perceived brightness |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance between the crests of two successive waves; the major determinant of perceived color |
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Term
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Definition
| (light) ~360(violet)-750(red)nm |
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Term
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Definition
| UV = invisible, shorter wavelengths; infrared = invisible but can be felt as heat, longer wavelengths |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in the retina responsible for the detection of light |
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Term
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Definition
| the tissue-thin structure at the back of the interior of the eye that contains the photoreceptors, several layers of intermediate neurons, and the cell bodies of the axons that form the optic nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the eye that bends light rays and thus can focus an image on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| the eye's transparent outer coating |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the lens is thickened or flattened to focus on an object (near or far, respectively) |
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Term
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Definition
| the smooth circular muscle in the eye that surrounds the pupil and contracts or dilates under reflex control in order to govern the amount of light entering |
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Term
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Definition
| visual receptors that respond to greater light intensities and give rise to chromatic (color) sensations; concentrated in the center of the retina; less plentiful than cones |
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Term
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Definition
| the area of the retina in which the image falls if the viewer is looking directly at the source of the image. acuity is greater when the image falls here than on any other part of the retina. cones concentrated here. |
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Term
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Definition
| photoreceptors in the retina that respond to lower light intensities and give rise the achromatic (colorless) sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| the intermediate neural cells in the eye that are stimulated by the receptors and excite the ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| in the retina, one of the intermediate links between the receptor cells and the brain. the axons of the ganglion cells converge into a bundle of fibers that leave the eyeball as the optic nerve |
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Term
| lateral geniculate nucleus |
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Definition
| a region of the hypothalamus which is sometimes said to be the "hunger center" and to be in an antagonistic relationship to a supposed "satiety center," the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus; also a way station for neural impulses traveling from the retina to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the bundle of fibers that proceeds from each eyeball to the brain, made up of axons whose cell bodies are retinal ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the visual pigment inside rods |
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Term
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Definition
| light-sensitive chemicals within the rods and cones of the eye; light energies cause to change chemical structures |
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Term
| stabilized image technique |
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Definition
| a procedure that projects a stationary image on the retina even though the eye is moving |
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Term
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Definition
| the perceiver's tendency to exaggerate the physical difference in the light intensities of two adjacent regions. As a result, a gray patch looks brighter on a black background, darker on a a white background |
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Term
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Definition
| the accentuated edges between two adjacent regions that differ in brightness |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of adjacent neural elements of the visual system to inhibit each other; it underlies brightness contrast and the accentuation of contours |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hue, brightness, saturation |
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Term
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Definition
| the measure of how much gray, black, or white is mixed in the the color (the more, the more saturated) |
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Term
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Definition
| shows range of colors by hue |
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Term
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Definition
| shows range of colors by hue and saturation |
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Term
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Definition
| shows range of colors by all three dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
| mixing colors by stimulating the eye with two or more sets of wavelengths simultaneously (e.g. by focusing filtered light from two projectors on the same spot) |
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Term
| subtractive color mixture |
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Definition
| color that results from the subtraction of one set of wavelengths from another set, commonly produced when mixing color pigments or superimposing two colored filters |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of color vision which holds that each of the three receptor types (short-wave, medium-wave, and long-wave) gives rise to the experience of one basic color (blue, green, or red) |
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Term
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Definition
| two colors, opposites on the color wheel, that mix (additively) to produce gray |
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Term
| simultaneous color contrast |
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Definition
| the effect produced by the fact that any region in the visual field tends to induce its complementary color in adjoining areas. For example, a gray patch will tend to look bluish if surrounded by yellow, and yellowish if surrounded by blue |
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Term
| opponent-process theory of color vision |
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Definition
| a theory of color vision that proposes three pairs of color antagonists: red-green, blue-yellow, and white-black. Excitation of one member of a pair automatically inhibits the other member |
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Term
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Definition
| in vision, the region of a particular shape, size and location within the visual field to which a particular cell responds |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons in the retina or brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as movement, orientation, and so on |
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Term
| analogical representation |
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Definition
| a representation that shares some of the physical characteristics of an object; for example, a picture of a mouse is an analogical representation because it looks like the small rodent it represents |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of mental representation that does not correspond to the physical characteristics of that which it represents. Thus, the would "mouse" does not resemble the small rodent it represents |
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Term
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Definition
| features of the stimulus situation that indicate how far an object is from the observer or from other objects in the world |
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Term
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Definition
| an important cue for depth perception. Each eye obtains a diferent view of an object, the disparity becoming less pronounced the farther the object is from the observer |
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Term
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Definition
| a monocular depth cue in which objects that are further away are blocked from view by an other opaque object obstructing their path to the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| the monocular depth cues (such as interposition, linear perspective, and relative size) that the eye exploits as an optical consequence of the projection of a three-dimensional world onto a flat surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a monocular depth cue in which far-off objects produce a smaller retinal image than nearby objects of the same size |
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Term
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Definition
| a distance cue based on changes in surface texture that depend on how far away the observer is |
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Term
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Definition
| a depth cue provided by the fact that, as the observer moves, the images cast by nearby objects move more rapidly on the retina than the images cast by far away objects |
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Term
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Definition
| the object wherein an object's retinal image enlarges as we approach the object and shrinks as we retreat from it. It is used as a depth cue by the visual system |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to an image moving across the retina. they are direction specific (so one type is sensitive to R-->L and one the reverse, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception of movement produced by stimuli that are stationary but flash on and off at appropriate time intervals |
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Term
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Definition
| in a moving display, the difficulty in determining which aspects of the display now visible correspond to which aspects of the display visible a moment ago |
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Term
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Definition
| perceived movement of an objectively stationary stimulus that is enclosed by a moving framework |
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Term
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Definition
| A theoretical approach that emphasizes the role of organized wholes (Gestalten) in perception and other psychological processes |
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Term
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Definition
| a general term for the presumed operations whereby the crude raw materials provided by our senses are refashioned into items of knowledge. among these operations are perceptual organization, comparison with items stored in memory, and so on. |
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Term
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Definition
| attributes of an object (such as its location, contour, color and shape) that are first detected separately and then coordinated to enable identification of an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| researched perception of primitive features, illusory conjunctions, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| a test in which research participants are briefly presented a display and must indicate whether a certain target is present or absent |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of errors found, for example, in visual search tasks in which observers correctly perceive the features present (redness, greenness, roundness, angularity) but misperceive how these were combined in the display (so they might see a green O and a red X when in fact a green X and a red O were presented) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process of grouping various visual elements of a scene together, deciding which elements go together and which do not |
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Term
| figure-ground organization |
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Definition
| the segregation of the visual field into a part (figure) that stands out from the rest (ground) |
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Term
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Definition
| visual patterns that allow parsing such that what is initially figure becomes ground and vice versa (e.g. faces/vase) |
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Term
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Definition
| the founder of Gestalt psychology; laws of perceptual organization |
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Term
| laws of perceptual organization |
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Definition
| Max Wertheimer's formulation describing our predisposition to group stimuli based on their proximity, similarity, and good continuation |
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Term
| proximity (in perception) |
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Definition
| the closeness of two figures. the closer they are, the more they will tend to be grouped together perceptually. |
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Term
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Definition
| in perception, a principle by which we tend to group like figures, especially by color and orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| a factor in visual grouping. contours tend to be seen in such a way that their direction is altered as little as possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| perceived contours that do not exist physically. we tend to complete figures that have gaps in them by perceiving a contour as continuing along its original path. |
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Term
| principle of maximum likelihood |
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Definition
| the assertion that we interpret the proximal stimulus pattern as that external stimulus object that most probably produced it |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the perceptual system matches the form of a figure against the figure as represented in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| processes in form recognition which start with smaller component parts and gradually build up to the larger units (e.g. from letters to words to phrases). data-driven. |
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Term
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Definition
| processes in form recognition that begin with larger units and then proceed to smaller units (e.g. from phrases to words to letters). One demonstration is provided by context effects in which knowledge or expectations affect what one sees. knowledge-driven. |
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Term
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Definition
| a model of pattern recognition in which there is a network of detectors, with feature detectors at the bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
| phenomenon wherein giving a participant advanced knowledge about or exposure to a stimulus can increase the ease of its subsequent recall or recognition. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| primitive geometric figures, such as cubes, cylinders, and pyramids, from which all other shapes are created through combination. In many models of pattern recognition, the organism must first determine which geons are present, and then determine what the objects are. |
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Term
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Definition
| a figure that appears acceptable when looked at locally but poses unresolvable visual contradictions when looked at as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
| ganglion cells found largely in the periphery of the retina that, because of their sensitivity to brightness changes, are particularly suited to the perceptin of motion and depth |
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Term
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Definition
| ganglion cells found throughout the retina that, because of their sensitivity to differences in hue, are particularly suited to the perception of color and form |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons in the visual cortex that respond to simple stimulus features such as orientation or position |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of cell in the visual cortex that is sensitive to an input's orientation and so fires at its maximal rate only if the input is tilted appropriately. These cells are often sensitive to the direction of the movement of a target. |
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Term
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Definition
| the system of visual circuits and pathways leaving from the visual cortex to the temporal lobe, especially involved in object identification. |
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Term
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Definition
| the system of visual circuits and pathways leading from the visual cortex to the parietal lobe, especially involved in the spatial localization of objects and the coordination of movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| the problem confronted by the brain, of recombining the various elements of a stimulus, once these elements have been separately analyzed by different neural systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| the effect one experiences in noisy settings such as parties, where one tunes in to the voice of the person one is talking to and filters out the other voices as background noise. This phenomenon is often taken as the model for studying selective attention based on listening to a speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| an experimental procedure in which the participant hears two simultaneous messages, one presented in each ear. Typically, one of these is to be attended to and the other ignored. |
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Term
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Definition
| the procedure, often used in dichotic presentations, in which a participant is asked to repeat aloud, word for word, only what she hears through one earphone. |
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Term
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Definition
| certain constant attributes of a distal object, such as its shape and size, that we are able to perceive despite the vagaries of the proximal stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive objects as retaining their shapes despite changes in our angle of regard that produces changes in the image projected on the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive objects as retaining their size, despite the increase or decrease in the size of the image projected on the retina caused by moving closer to or farther from the objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| perception, specifically perceptual constancies. see higher order patterns and texture elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| surface variations the indicate the texture of an object (e.g. pebbles on a trail or blades of grass on a lawn) and whose spacing can be used to judge an object's size or one's distance from an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| in perception, a means by which perceptual constancies are maintained. patterns that usually depend on the relationship between the size (or shape) of the retinal image and various other attributes of the stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| some aspect of the proximal stimulus pattern that remains unchanged despite various transformations of the stimulus. |
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Term
| unconscious inference (and who) |
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Definition
| a process postulated by Hermann von Helmholtz to explain certain perceptual phenomena such as size constancy. An object is perceived to be in the distance and is therefore unconsciously judged to be larger than warranted by its retinal image. |
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Term
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Definition
| lightness constancy. demonstrated that the perception of lightness seems to depend largely on the ratio between the amount of light reflected by the object and that reflected by the object's background. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive the lightness of an object more or less the same despite the fact that light reflected from the object changes with the illumination that falls upon it. |
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Term
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Definition
| the proportion of light aimed at an object that is reflected by it. determines whether an object is perceived as light or dark. |
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Term
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Definition
| in memory experiments, the time that elapses between the original learning and a later test. |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of the memory system that is currently activated but has relatively little cognitive capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| those parts of the memory system that are currently dormant and inactive, but have enormous storage capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| memory for particular events in one's own life (e.g. I missed the train this morning). |
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Term
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Definition
| memory of items of knowledge as such (e.d., The capital of France is Paris), independent of the occasion on which they were learned. |
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Term
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Definition
| memory retrieval in which there is an awareness of remembering at the time of retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| memory retrieval in which there is no awareness of remembering at the time of retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| the initial step toward remembering in which new information is taken in |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which information is stored in memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical basis of memory; a change in the nervous system brought on by an experience. The exact nature of this change is still uncertain. |
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Term
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Definition
| a task in which some item must be produced from memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| a task in which a participant must judge whether he has encountered a stimulus previously. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of searching for some item in memory and finding it. If retrieval fails, this may or may not mean that the relevant memory trace is missing. The trace may simply be inaccessible. |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of items that can be recalled after a single presentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| according to George Miller, the number (seven, plus or minus two) that represents the holding capacity of the working memory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| came up with magic number |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of forgetting in which memory traces erode largely through the passage of time (presumably due to some metabolic events unfolding as time passes). |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of forgetting that has items pushed out of the way to make room for other items |
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Term
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Definition
| in free recall, the tendency to recall items at the end of the list more readily than those in the middle. |
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Term
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Definition
| in free recall, the tendency to recall items at the beginning of the list more readily than those in the middle. |
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Term
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Definition
| a process of reorganizing (or recoding) materials in memory that permits a number of items to be packed into a larger unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| changing the form in which information is stored. |
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Term
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Definition
| repetition to keep material in working memory for a while. In contrast to elaborative rehearsal, this confers little long-term benefit. |
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Term
| depth-of-processing approach |
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Definition
| an approach to memory that stresses the nature of encoding at the time of acquisition. It argues that deeper levels of processing (for example tending to a word's meaning) lead to better retention and retrieval than shallower levels of processing (for example, attending to the word's sound). Thus, maintenance rehearsal lead's to poorer retrieval than elaborative rehearsal. |
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Term
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Definition
| deliberate strategies for helping memory, many of which use imagery |
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Term
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Definition
| a mnemonic technique that requires the learner to visualize each of the items she wants to remember in a different spatial location (locus). Recall requires that each location be mentally inspected for the item placed there. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that helps one to recall a memory |
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Term
| encoding specificity principle |
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Definition
| the hypothesis that retrieval is most likely if the context at the time of recall approximates that during the original encoding. |
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