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Definition
| Proposed the gain-loss principle (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant) |
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Definition
| Studied conformity by asking subjects to compare lengths of lines |
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Definition
| Developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory |
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| Performed study on doll preference in African-American children; results used in Brown v. Board of Ed |
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Definition
| Proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility |
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| Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender per se, but to differing social roles. |
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| Developed cognitive dissonance theory as well as social comparison theory |
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| Studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions |
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| Developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational |
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| Developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision-making can sometimes go awry |
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| Proposed the concept of belief in a just world |
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| Divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire |
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Definition
| Studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion |
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| Studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between country and city dwellers |
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| Developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion) |
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| Studied relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation |
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| Used autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber's Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased group cooperation |
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Definition
| Studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses |
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Definition
| Performed prison stimulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results |
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| Devised the strange situation to study attachment |
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| Studied the relationship between parental style and aggression |
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| Studied attachment in human children |
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| Linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquistion |
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| Outlined eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan |
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| Outlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development |
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| Believed that development was due primarily to maturation |
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| Suggested that males and females have difference orientations toward morality |
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| The founder of development psychology |
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| Used monkeys and surrogate mothers to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation |
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| Studied moral development using moral dilemmas |
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| British philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates/tabula rasas to be written on by experience |
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| Studied imprinting in birds |
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| Outlined four stages of cognitive development |
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| French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society |
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| Performed longitudinal study on gifted children |
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| Studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats |
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Definition
| Studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development |
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| Psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of the inferiority complex |
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Definition
| Trait theorist known for the concept of functional autonomy; distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality |
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| Behaviorist theorist known for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using punching bag |
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| Suggested that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions; also linked with concept of androgyny |
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| Trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality |
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| Behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework; also known for their work on approach-avoidance conflicts |
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Definition
| Ego psychologist whose psychosocial stages of development encompass entire lifespan |
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Definition
| Trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism |
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| Founder of ego psychology |
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| Psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, and moving away from |
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Definition
| Psychodynamic theorist who broke with Frued over the concept of libido; suggested that the unconscious could be divided into the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, with archetypes in the latter |
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Definition
| Based personality theory on the notion of individual as a scientist |
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| Objects-relations theorist |
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Definition
Objects-relations theorist
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| Phenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory |
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Definition
Objects-relations theorist
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| Phenomenological personality theorist known for developing a hierarchy of needs and for the concept of self-actualization |
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Definition
| Studied need for acheivement (nAch) |
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Definition
| Critic of trait theories of personality |
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Definition
| Phenomenological personality theorist |
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Definition
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Definition
| Attempted to relate somatotype to personality type |
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Definition
Objects-relations theorist
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Definition
| Studied field-dependence and field-independence using the rod-and-frame test |
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| Cognitive behavior therapist known for his therapy for depression |
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| Coined the term schizophrenia |
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| 19C American advocate of asylum reform |
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| Cognitive behavioral therapist known for his rational-emotive therapy (RET) |
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| Developed system in 19C for classifying mental disorders; DSM-IV can be considered to be a descendant of this system |
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Definition
| Reformed French asylums in the late 18C |
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Definition
| Developed client-centered therapy, a therapy that was based upon the concept of unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| Investigated the effect of being labelled mentally ill by having pseudopatients admitted into mental hospitals |
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Definition
| Formulated learned helplessness theory of depression |
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Definition
| Suggested that most of the mental disorders treated by clinicians are not really mental disorders; wrote The Myth of Mental Illness |
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| French anatomist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with producing spoken language; Broca's area |
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| Physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system, including fight or flight reactions; investigated homeostasis; proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion |
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Definition
| Demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails is associated with changes in neurotransmission |
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Definition
| Proposed the James-Lange theory of emotions (recognize emotion based on how body reacts) |
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Definition
| Studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from damage to temporal lobe; also studied the amygdala's role in emotion |
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Definition
| Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions |
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Definition
| Studied severe anterograde amnesia in HM, a patient whose hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy |
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Definition
| Demonstrated existence of pleasure center in the brain using self-stimulation studies in rats |
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Definition
| Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to map out different parts of the brain during surgery |
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Definition
| Proposed the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion (unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending on cognitive evaluation of environmental situation) |
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Definition
| English physiologist who first inferred the existence of the synapse |
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Definition
| Investigated functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres using split brain studies |
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Definition
| German neurologist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language; Wernicke's area |
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Definition
| Empirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least partially, supported Helmholtz's place-resonance theory |
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Definition
| Developed a list of depth cues that help us to perceive depth |
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Definition
| Proposed filter theory of attention |
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Definition
| Developed Fechner's law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of sensation |
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Definition
| Developed the visual cliff apparatus, which is used to study the development of depth perception |
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Definition
| studied depth cues (especially texture gradients) that help us to perceive depth |
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Definition
| Developed Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision; developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception |
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Definition
| Developed opponent process theory of color vision |
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Definition
| Studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells |
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Definition
| Developed theory of isomorphism |
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Definition
| Proposed gate theory of pain |
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Definition
| Developed Stevens' Law as an alternative to Fechner's law |
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Definition
| Refined ROC curves in signal detection theory |
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Definition
| Proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception |
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Definition
| Developed the Yerkes-Dodson law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal |
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Definition
| studied observational learning |
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Definition
| Discovered and studied instinctual drift |
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Definition
| Studied taste-aversion learning and proposed that some species are biologically prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli |
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Definition
| Studied insight in problem solving |
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| Suggested the Premack principle: a more preferred activity could be used to reinforce a less preferred activity |
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Definition
| Performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning |
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| Proposed the law of effect; used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats |
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| Ethologist who introduced experimental methods in field situations |
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Definition
| Ethologist who studied communication in honeybees |
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Definition
| Performed experiment on Little Albert that suggested that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning |
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Definition
| Developed method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias |
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Definition
| Investigated the role of schemata in memory; concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process |
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Definition
| Divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan |
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Definition
| Devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory |
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Definition
| Developed the levels-of-processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory |
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Definition
| Studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings |
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Definition
| Proposed a theory of multiple intelligences that divides intelligence into seven different types, all of which are equally important; traditional IQ tests measure only two of the seven types |
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Definition
| Devised divergent thinking test to measure creativity |
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| Investigated the use of heuristics in decision making; studied the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| Studied eyewitness memory and concluded that our memories can be altered by presenting new information or by asking misleading questions |
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Definition
| Used the water-jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem-solving |
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Definition
| Found support for gender difference in verbal ability |
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Definition
| Suggested that brain processes information using parallel distribution processing |
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Definition
| Found that the capacity of short term memory is 7 plus or minus 2 |
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Definition
| Proposed dual-code hypothesis |
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Definition
| Devised the sematic feature-comparision model or semantic memory |
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Definition
| Suggested that individual differences in intelligence were largely due to difference in amount of a general factor, g. |
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Definition
| Studied the capacity of sensory memory using the partial report method |
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Definition
| Proposed the triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types: componential, experiential, and contextual |
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Definition
| Used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities, factors more specific than g but more general than s |
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Definition
| Hypothesized that language determines how reality is perceived |
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Definition
| Developed the Binet-Simon intelligence test; introduced the concept of mental age |
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Definition
| Developed the RIASEC model of occupational themes |
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Definition
| Suggested that there were genetically based racial differences in IQ; this suggestion has been much criticized |
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Definition
| Developed the Thematic Appreception Task (TAT), a projective test designed to measure personality |
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Definition
| Developed the Rorschach inkblot test, a projective test designed to measure personality |
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Definition
| Developed a sentence completion test (projective/personality) |
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Definition
| Developed the concept of ratio IQ |
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Definition
| Developed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory; used to assess interest in different lines of work |
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Definition
| Revised the Binet-Simon intelligence test; revision because known as the Stanford-Binet IQ test |
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Definition
| Developed several intelligence tests for use with different ages; these tests yield three deviation IQs: a verbal IQ, a performance IQ, and a full-scale IQ |
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