Term
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Definition
| straited muscles in arms and legs. These are antagonistic muscles - one muscel contracts while the other relaxes. |
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Definition
| smooth (internal organs, contract slowly but longer response) and cardiac (in the heart) |
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Definition
| glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly through the blood stream. |
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Definition
| brain and the spinal cord |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and the clusters of cell bodies called ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| gatherings of cell bodies (somas) in the central nervous system |
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Definition
| gathering sof cell bodeis in the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| bundles of axons in the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| motor neurons responsible for movement. relay messages from the brain to muscles and glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| where the terminal branches of an efferent neuron contacts the muscle. |
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Definition
| sensory neurons which receive and carry stimuli to the brain for interpretation. |
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Term
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Definition
| transmit impulses from the anxons of afferent neurons to the dendrites of efferent neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| The master gland in the endochrine system. |
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Term
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Definition
| will determine whether an infant will be male. At adolescence, males recieve a dose of androgen. |
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Term
| follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones |
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Definition
| regulate the development of sperm and the ovum. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| thryroid-stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| emitted by the pituitary gland to trigger the thyroid gland |
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Term
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Definition
| more negative inside the cell membrane and more positive outside. (polorized) |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the nerve impulse - positive ions enter the cell |
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Term
| abolute refractory period |
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Definition
| a time after the firing of a neuron in which it cannot respond to stimulation |
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Term
| relatve refractory period |
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Definition
| after the abolute refractory period in which the neuron can fire, but it needs a much stronger stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| once a minimum threshold for stimulation is met, the nerve impulse will be sent and the intensity of a nerve impulse is always the same. |
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Term
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Definition
| the gap between the axon terminal and the dendrites of another neuron, into which synapitic vesicles filled with neurotrnasmitters are released. |
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Term
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Definition
| contracts skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter comprised 2 types: indolamines (serotonin) and dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| too little associated with parkinsons. too much associated with schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| like nerotransmitters but they create long term changes in the postsynaptic cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| located in frontal lobe just in front of the central fissure - features parts of the body upside down. sesory impulses are tranlated to motor impulses. |
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Term
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Definition
| located in parietal lobe just behind the central fiddure. Represented by the homunculus. |
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Term
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Definition
| visual area of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory area of the brain. high tones stimluate the coretx at deep levels and low tones stimulate the cortext at the surface level. both ears are connected to the auditory cortex on both sides of brain so destruction of one side will not lead to deafness. |
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Term
| Associated areas of the cortex |
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Definition
| organizing, storing, processing. injury can reult in aphasia, alexia, motor aphasia, auditory aphasia, apraxia,... |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inability to recognize printed words |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot use spoken language but can make sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| 'word deafness'. They can hear but canot understand words. |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to make purposeful movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| motor, speech, reasoning, problem solving, Broca's and Wernicke's areas for speech. |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| controls speech and motor |
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Term
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Definition
| spatial perception and musical ability |
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Term
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Definition
| medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons and the base of the reticular formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| breathing, heart beat, blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle coordination, balance, posture |
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Term
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Definition
| connects brain pasrts to spine |
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Term
| Base of the reticular formation |
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Definition
| oldest part of the brain - alertness, thirst, sleep, and involuntary muscles such as the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rest of the reticular formation (base is in the hind brain), Tectum and tecmentum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sleep. arousal, and eye movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Corticospinal tract, Thalamus, hypothalamus, Limbic system, cerelbral hemispheres, and cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| connections between brain and spine |
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Term
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Definition
| channels sensory info to the cerebral cortext. |
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Term
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Definition
| hunger, thirst and the pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of structures around the brain stem involved in emotion and pleasure. Hippocampus, amygdyla, cingulate gyrus |
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Term
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Definition
| encoding of new information, memory |
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Term
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Definition
| controls emotional reactions such as fear and anger |
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Term
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Definition
| links areas in the brain dealing with emotion and decision making |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the hemispheres so that they can communicate |
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Term
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Definition
| tough connective tissues covering the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| chambers filled with cerebrospial fluid that insulate the brain from shock. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| control large muscle movements. Degeneration linked to Parkinson's and Huntington's |
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Term
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Definition
| can understad speech but has difficulty speaking (often speaking slowly and laboriously) |
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Term
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Definition
| can speak but no longer understands how to correctly choose words. The person's speach is fluent but nonsensical. |
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Term
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Definition
| overeating with no satisfaction of hunger. It leads to obesity. Damage to the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| rage provoked by the removal of the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to implant electrodes into animals brains |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmits impulses from receptors to brain and spinal cord; transmits impulses to striated muscles from brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmits impulses from the brain to the smooth muscles. Includes sympathtic and parasympathetic divisions. Thought to be linked with the hypothalamus and brain stem. |
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Term
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Definition
| prpeares the organism for emergency reaction and for coping with stressful situations (fear, anger, cold) Fight ot flight. |
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Term
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Definition
| day to day functions. digestion and other bodily functions that increase the body's supply of energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system(increase heart rate/decrease, dilated pupil/constricted pupil, inhibited digestion/aids digestion) |
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Term
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Definition
| non stressful conditions of rest |
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Term
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Definition
| surgically removing or destroying a portion of the nervous system or brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| x raying brain from various angles and then reconstructing them into a composite |
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Term
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Definition
| injected with a radioactive sugar - to examine brain's metabolism while the brain is in action. |
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Term
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Definition
| a teachnique in which the electrical activity of the brain is graphically recorded in the form of wave patterns. alpha waves |
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Term
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Definition
| Four stages. Stage 0 neural sychrony. Stage 1 irrelgular waves, lose responsiveness. Stage 2 theta waves and sleep spindles (sudden burts of brain activity). Stage 3 delta waves. Stage 4 lots of delta waves and very deep sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid Eye MOvement Sleep. Occurs every 90 mintes in adults and every 30 minutes in children. REM is associated with dreaming. It is also thought the provide neural excercise by providing the excitation needed for elaborate circuits. It may also have developed as a survival mechanism - animals awoken in this stage of sleep are ready to fight or flee. |
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Term
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Definition
| REM sleep is sometimes referred to as this. Basically, a person's physiological signs resemble a wakinng state but muscle tone decreases to the point of paralysis with sudden twitches. |
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Term
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Definition
| when people are deprived of REM sleep, they will compensate by spending more time in REM sleep later in the night. |
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