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Definition
| The scientific study of behavior that is tested through scientific research. |
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| A set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study |
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| A general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized. |
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| What are the four goals of psychology? |
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Definition
| Description, Explanation, Prediction, and Influence. |
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| Describe the six contemporary approaches to psychology. |
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Definition
*Psychoanalytic Psychology: (Usually associated with psychoanalysts) Study of the unconscious mind (Motives) and how they determine human behavior.
*Behavioral Psychology: (Behaviorists) This is the study of behavior.
*Humanistic Psychology:(Humanists) Reaction to behavioral psychology
*Cognitive Psychology: (Cognitivist) The focus on how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how it influences us
*Biological Psychology: (Psychobiologist) study of how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behaviors.
* Sociocultural Psychology: The consideration of how our knowledge and ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving are dependent on the culture to which we belong. |
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| Describe the seven types of psychologists and what they do. |
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Definition
*Clinical Psychologist: A psychologist who diagnoses and treats those with emotional disturbances.
*Counseling psychologist: Helps people deal with problems of every day life
*Developmental Psychologists: Studies the emotional, cognitive, biological, and personal/social changes that occur as we mature.
*Educational Psychologist: Concerned with helping students learn
*Community Psychologist: May work in a mental health or social welfare agency
*Industrial/Organizational psychologist: Uses psychological concepts to make the work place a more satisfying environment environment for employees and managers.
*Experimental Psychologists: Studies sensation, perception, learning, motivation, and/or emotion in carefully controlled lab conditions |
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| An educated guess about the relationship between two variables |
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| The measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data |
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| A change in participants illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect rather than from the actual treatment. |
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| Describe the five research methods. |
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Definition
*Naturalistic Observation: Observing the subject in a natural setting without interfering.
*Case Studies: Research method that involved an intensive investigation of one or more participants.
*Surveys: Information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions
*Longitudinal Studies: Data are collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certain characteristics change or remain the same during development.
*Cross-Sectional Study: Data are collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age |
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| What steps can be taken in research to minimize bias in experiments? |
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Definition
| One can use single-blind or double blind experiments |
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| What is the difference between positive and negative correlations? |
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Definition
| Positive: When both variables increase. Negative:When one variable increases and the other decreases. |
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| The study of changes that occur as an individual matures |
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| A conceptual frame-work a person uses to make sense of the world |
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| Children's play that involves assuming adult roles, this enabling the child to experience different points of view. |
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| Summarize the language chart. |
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Definition
1 year: Babbling
2 Years: start saying dozens of words
3 years: Child acquires more grammatical knowledge
4 years: Child uses more grammatical rules and future tense
5 years: Uses more complex clauses |
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| Describe how assimilation and accommodation relates to schemas |
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Definition
| Assimilations is adding objects and experiences to a schema. Accommodation is changing a schema to include newly observed events and experiences. |
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Term
| What are the three types of parenting styles and what are some positives and negatives of each? |
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Definition
*Authoritarian Parenting: Parents are the boss; do not need to explain actions or demands.
*Democratic/Authoritative Parenting: Children participate in the decisions that affect their lives.
*Permissive/Laissez Faire parenting: Children have the final say; less controlling attitude toward children. |
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Definition
| A process whereby an individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve his/her self-esteem |
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Definition
| Bandura's view of human development emphasizes interaction. States that individuals develop by interacting with others |
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Definition
| The sex group (Masculine or Feminine) to which an individual biologically belongs |
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Term
| Describe the three theories of identity development. |
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Definition
*Erikson's Theory: The theory that adolescents must go through an identity crisis.
*Marcia's view of the identity crisis: The 4 categories of "Crisis" & "Commitment" that adolescents go through to find their identity. (Identity Moratorium adolescents, Identity foreclosure adolescents, identity confused or diffused adolescents, and identity achievement adolescents)
*Social Learning Theory: The theory that individuals develop by interacting with others |
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| Describe the role of people's peers |
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Definition
| Helps adolescents gain confidence and helps them learn to adapt, and helps establish independence. |
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| Describe the four origins of gender differences |
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Definition
Biological theory: Emphasizes the role of anatomy, hormones, and brain organization.
*Psychoanalytical theory: (Freud) The theory that when a child identifies with a parent of the same sec, gender identity results.
*Social Learning theory: The theory that children learn their gender roles by observing and imitation models
*Cognitive-developmental theory: proposes that children acquire gender roles by interacting with their environment and thinking about those experiences. |
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Definition
| The biological event in which a woman's production of sex hormones is sharply reduced. |
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Definition
| The desire, in middle age to use one's accumulated wisdom to guide future generations. |
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Definition
| Discrimination against the elderly |
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| Describe 4 changes that occur in adulthood |
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Definition
| Health problems: disease (Heart cancer, cirrhosis of the liver) Menopause: between the ages of 45-50. Marriage/divorce. Sexual behavior: May rise or decline with age. |
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| How might a person differentiate between Alzheimer's disease and changes in mental processes as a result of aging? |
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Definition
| Those with Alzheimer's loose the ability to do every day tasks where as the elderly who have aging memory loss are still able to function without another person. |
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| Describe the five stages of adjustment to dying |
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Definition
| Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance. |
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Definition
| The long, thin cells of nerve tissue along which messages travel to and from the brain. |
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Definition
| Chemical substances that carry messages through the body in blood |
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| The basic building bricks of heredity |
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| Explain how neurons communicate with each other |
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Definition
| A neuron sends its messages across a gap called a synapse by releasing neurotransmitters. These messages are received by the dendrite of another neuron. |
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Term
| Describe the four lobes of the brain and what they control |
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Definition
*Occipital lobe: Vision.
*Temporal Lobe: Deals with hearing and advanced visual processing
*Frontal Lobe: Deals with planning of movements working memory-- events that happened very recently.
*Parietal lobe: deals with body sensations |
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| Describe the nature vs. nurture debate |
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Definition
| Nurture refers to environmental factors and nature refers to the characteristics that a person inherits. |
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Definition
| A state of awareness, including a person's feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions |
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| A stage of sleep characterized by rapid Eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming |
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Definition
| Drugs that often produce hallucinations |
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| What are the four theories of why people need sleep? |
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Definition
| Sleep is restorative; sleep is a type of primitive hibernation, sleep is an adaptive process; to clear our minds of useless information |
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Term
| Describe the Sleep cycle. |
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Definition
Stage 1: Pulse slows, muscles relax, breathing becomes uneven
Stage 2: Eyes slowly roll from side to side
Stage 3: Large-amplitude delta brain waves
Stage 4: Deepest sleep of all-- hard to wake somebody up in this stage |
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| What are two drug categories and how do they effect behavior? |
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Definition
Hallucinogens-- gives hallucinations
Opiates/narcotics-- reduce pain. However, effects chemicals in the brian and causes addiction |
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Definition
| What occurs when a stimulus activates a receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| the organization of sensory information into meaningful experiences |
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| An absolute threshold is the weakest amount of a stimulus that a person can detect half of the time. Candle 30 miles away on a clear night for example. |
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Term
| Describe how the eye works (Including the names of the parts of the eye) |
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Definition
| light enters the eye through the pupil, reaches the lens, the light is focused on the retina. The rods and cones are responsible for changing light energy into neuron impulses travel along the optic nerve and routed to the occipital lobe |
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Term
| Describe how the ear works (include the names of the parts of the ear) |
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Definition
| Sound waves from the air pass through various bones until they reach the inner ear, which contains tiny hairlike cells that move back and forth, sending they neuronal signals to the auditory nerve in the brain. |
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Definition
| A learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behaviors of others. |
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Definition
| A mental picture of spatial relationships between events |
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| Give an example of classical conditioning |
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Definition
| Pavlov's dog; conditioned to drool when the bell rang |
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| Explain the difference between positive and negative reinforcers |
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Definition
| Positive reinforcers are rewards for doing something and a negative reinforcer is when you get punished for doing something. |
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Term
| Explain learned helplessness |
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Definition
| If a person has numerous experiences in which his/her actions have n effect they will learn a general strategy of helplessness or laziness |
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Term
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Definition
| Very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor |
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Definition
| Conceptual frameworks a person used to make sense of the world |
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Definition
| techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information |
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| What are the three processes involved in memory? |
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Definition
Encoding-- Recording information
Storage-- saving information
Retrieval-- Calling up stored information |
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| What are three ways to improve your memory? |
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Definition
Elaborative Rehearsal--The linking of new information to material that is already known
Mnemonic Device
Distributed Practice-- Spacing out your your learning-studying a little bit at a time |
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Definition
| An internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal |
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Definition
| A state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal |
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Definition
| the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state |
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Term
| What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation? |
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Definition
Extrinsic motivation has to do with engaging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives.
Intrinsic motivation has to do with engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectation |
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| What are the five levels in Maslow's Hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
Fundamental needs: 1.) Physiological needs: to satisfy hunger, thirst, and sex drives. 2.) Safety needs: to feel secure, safe, and out of danger.
Psychological needs: 3.) Belongingness and love needs: to affiliate with others; to be accepted and belong. 4.) Esteem needs: to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition.
Self-Actualization needs: 5.) The need to fulfill one's unique potential |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior, and to adapt to new situations |
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| An aspect of an intelligence test in which the wording used in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group to another social group. |
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| What are the the 2 points of controversy surrounding IQ testing? |
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Definition
| A lot of IQ testing have a cultural bias and some people have genetic differences |
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| What are the three types of tests? |
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Definition
| Aptitude test, achievement tests, and interest inventories |
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Definition
| The consistent, enduring, and unique characteristics of a person |
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Definition
| The part of the mind that contains material of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious processes and behaviors |
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Definition
| Belief that the proper subject matter of psychology is objectively observable behavior and nothing else |
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| According to Freud, what are the three parts to personality? |
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Definition
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| Describe four defense mechanisms |
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Definition
Rationalization: involves making up acceptable excuses for behaviors that cause us to feel anxious.
Repression: Holding something back to avoid experiencing it.
Denial: Refusal to accept the reality of an event
Projection: Putting your feelings on someone else |
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| Describe humanistic psychology |
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Definition
| A school of psychology that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of maximum potential by each unique individual. |
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Definition
| A person's reaction to his/her inability to cope with a certain tense event or situation |
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Definition
| A stress-producing event or situation |
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Term
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Definition
| A vague, generalized apprehension or feeling of anger |
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Term
| What are the four reactions to stress? |
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Definition
| The general adaptation syndrome (Which includes fight or flight response), Emotional and cognitive responses (Anger, anxiety, fear), Behavioral Reactions (Develop nervous habits), physical reactions (may become sick). |
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| What are the three factors that influence people's reactions to stress? |
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Definition
| Personality differences, perceived control over stressors, and social support. |
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| Give three ways to cope with stress. |
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Definition
| Hardiness, controlling stressful situations, and problem solving. |
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Definition
| The fifth version of the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders |
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Definition
| An intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation |
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| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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Definition
| Disorder in which victims of traumatic events experience the original event in the form of dreams or flashbacks. |
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Definition
| An extreme anxiety that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks |
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Definition
| A condition in which there is no apparent physical cause |
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Definition
| A disorder in which a person experiences alterations in memory, identity, or consciousness |
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Definition
| The inability to recall important personal events or information; is usually associated with stressful events |
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Definition
| A dissociative disorder in which a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Definition
| A person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving |
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Definition
| A group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions |
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Definition
| Disorder in which an individual alternates between feelings of mania (euphoria) and depression |
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| Identify and describe the five types of schizophrenia |
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Definition
Paranoid type: involves delusions, including grandeur or persecution.
Catatonic Type: unable to move the body for long periods of time
Disorganized type: incoherent language, inappropriate emotions
Remission type: Schizophrenia in remission
Undifferentiated type: encompasses the basic symptoms of schizophrenia |
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| What are some factors that contribute to whether or not you will develop schizophrenia. |
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Definition
Biological influences: Genetics, odds increase dramatically if it is in your gene pool.
Biochemistry and Physiology: Chemicals present in your brain and how much is present.
Family and interactions: Bad experiences as a child can lead to schizophrenia. |
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