Term
| What is the scientific method as it is related to psychology? |
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Definition
| The scientific method was developed at the beginning of the 17th century; first applied to physics, then biology. In psychology, the scientific method was used to understand human behavior. |
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Term
| Can thoughts be measured? |
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Definition
| No, thoughts are immeasurable. |
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Term
| What are overt behaviors and what do they measure? |
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Definition
| commonly behavior is referred to as "overt behavior" or "overt responding" ex)walking, talking, describing your dreams. MUST be measures based on occurrence of behavior and NEVER absence of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| when the subject's behavior changed because they are -or they believe they are- being watched |
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Term
| Why is randomization so important to the experimental method? |
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Definition
| So that an experiment provides valid results for the cause of a certain result; by controlling variables there can't be another factor causing something to occur (like in correlational method where there can be an illusory correlation) |
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Term
| What are independent and dependent variables? |
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Definition
| Independent is the variable that the experimenter controls or manipulates. The dependent is the variable that the experimenter believes will be affected bu the independent variable. (dependent depends on independent) |
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Term
| Give BRIEF description of Wundt: |
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Definition
| developed the first psychology lab in Germany in 1879 |
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Term
| Give BRIEF description of B.F. Skinner: |
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Definition
| expanded the philosophy of behavior(this was all that was in the auxiliary notes, going to look it up in the textbook) |
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Term
| Give BRIEF description of John Watson: |
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Definition
| the school of behaviorism |
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Term
| Give BRIEF description of Muller: |
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Definition
| 19th century biological psychology |
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Term
| What is the function of Medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of Reticular Formation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of Thalamus? |
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Definition
| central location of all sensory input |
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Term
| What is the function of Limbic System? |
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Definition
| controls emotion; ex) hormonal releases controlling sexual interest ex) interest and enjoyment of feeding ex)acquisition and retrieval of emotional memories |
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Term
| What is the function of Reward Center? |
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Definition
| located in the limbic system. Any behavior consequented with a reward will increase in frequency; ex)drug addiction ex)electrical stimulation of reward center ex) learned relations through social attention. Damage to this area or drugs used to reduce it's activity cause a reduction in pleasant emotions and a reduction in motivation. |
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Term
| What is the function of Language Center? |
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Definition
| 90% of people have language located in the left temporal lobe |
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Term
| What singular location are your memories located in? |
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Definition
| association cortexes? on google it said in the cortex; also, There isn't a single exact location of memory storage. The process of encoding and retrieving memories |
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Term
| Light that enter the left side of your left hemisphere is analyzed in the hemisphere. t/f |
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Definition
| I believe this is true but I am going to ask her specifically |
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Term
| What two main categories is brain scan technologies separated into? |
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Definition
| static(snapshot) and functional(across-time) |
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Term
| Give a brief description and the category this falls into: CT |
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Definition
| STATIC; computed tomography is a simulated 3-dimensional x-ray for your skull; it's useful for assessing the presence of skull fractures, bone chips, or other foreign matter in brain; it does little to asses the activity of brain tissue |
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Term
| Give a brief description and the category this falls into: MRI |
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Definition
| STATIC; magnetic resonance imaging passes a strong magnetic field through the subject and measures the changes in magnetism, changes are then used by a computer to generate a 3-dimensional image; useful for measuring static states such as brain damage(areas of dead brain tissue) |
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Term
| Give a brief description and the category this falls into: EEG |
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Definition
| FUNCTIONAL; the electroencephalogram is a measure of ELECTRICAL activity of the brain taken from the epidermis of the scalp; electrical activity of the brain passes residual signals through the skull and skin to electrodes pasted on the scalp; broad measures of activity; simply the general activity- this is the oldest and least valuable brain scan technology |
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Term
| Give a brief description and the category this falls into: MEG |
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Definition
| FUNCTIONAL; the magnetoencephalogram is a measure of the MAGNETIC changes in the brain; magnetic activity changes based on the amount of blood flow that occurs to a particular region; the MEG records the level of magnetic activity across the brain and superimposes its measures on an MRI taken from the same person |
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Term
| Give a brief description and the category this falls into: PET |
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Definition
| FUNCTIONAL; positron emission topography is a measure of GLUCOSE activity in the brain; radioactive glucose injected into patient; then the patient's given intellectual tests; the PET scan measures location of the radiation in the brain |
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Term
| Give a brief description and the category this falls into: fMRI |
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Definition
| FUNCTIONAL MRI; functional magnetic resonance imaging measures localized changes in magnetism as a result of blood flow through brain areas; as intellectual tasks are performed, there will be an increase in blood flow through the area(s) that control that behavior |
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Term
| Which brain scan technique takes a single image at a time with a strong magnetic wave in combination with a radio wave? |
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Definition
| B. MRI (going to clarify w Diana) |
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Term
| Which brain scan technique reads electrical activity from the brain across time? |
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Definition
| C. EEG (going to clarify w Diana) |
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Term
| You are a psychological researcher in a laboratory and you want to monitor brain functions during 5 minutes of creative problem solving. Which brain scan technology wouldn't you use? |
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Definition
| B. MRI (going to clarify w Diana) |
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Term
Organize following terms from least to greatest and provide brief description for each:
Chromosome DNA Gene Genome |
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Definition
1) DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid; synthesize proteins like hormones & neurotransmitters
2) genes-in soma(cell body), in the nucleus specifically
3) chromosomes-x figures (strings of genes that look like letter X); in nucleus; the functional unit of heredity aka traits; 46 total- 23 from each parent
4) genomes-complete set of genes that make up a species |
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Term
| Where are chromosomes located? |
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Definition
| in the nucleus of each cell in your body |
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Term
| How many chromosomes do humans have? How many from each parent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is natural selection? (explain mate selection patterns using natural selection pg 110-113) |
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Definition
| the process by which genes that support survival are more likely to spread throughout the gene pool; GO TO PAGES ON REVIEW SHEET-explain mate selection patterns |
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Term
| What is artificial selection? explain russian fox breeding experiment using artificial selection (pg 109) |
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Definition
| picking traits for the species developed; the foxes were artificially bred to become more tame and domesticated |
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Term
| What does nature vs. nurture mean? pg 145 |
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Definition
| basically heredity vs. environment |
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Term
| Is the placenta a biological or environmental factor? |
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Definition
| Diana said we don't need to know this |
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Term
| How do you study cognitive development in nonverbal infant? |
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Definition
| through their behavior and the way they handle things (ex. object permanence) |
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Term
| What is stimulus habituation and how do you produce it? |
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Definition
| eventually the subject becomes habituated to the stimulus and ignores it |
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Term
| What is a novel stimulus and how do you react to it? |
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Definition
| whenever something occurs that is novel to an organism, the individual stops what it is doing and turns its sensors to the source of stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| (sensory adaptation) is the process by which a repeatedly sensed stimulus elicits less reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| created the Piagetian stages of cognitive development |
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Term
| Give time span and key characteristics for Sensorimotor Stage: |
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Definition
| 0-2; learn through sensory interaction-develop object permanence |
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Term
| Give time span and key characteristics for Preoperational Stage: |
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Definition
| 2-6; language development; use of symbols with little logical reasoning; pretend play begins; egocentricism(whenever they have a thought they thing everyone else has it) exists until a "theory of mind" develops |
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Term
| Give time span and key characteristics for Concrete Operational Stage: |
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Definition
| 6-12; simple logic applied to concrete objects and events; will pass tests for conservation; will develop the capacity for mathematical transformations |
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Term
| Give time span and key characteristics for Formal Operational Stage: |
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Definition
| 12-adulthood; abstract reasoning; abstract logic; develop a complex view of moral reasoning |
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Term
| At what developmental stage is the average child developed enough to be sent to school for academic training? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what developmental stage is the average child developed enough to reach a wide range of conclusions to the same moral problem? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what developmental stage is the average child developed enough to spend a full day at school playing with blocks, listening to classical music and taking naps? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what developmental stage is the average child developed enough to play dress up games and eventually learn how to share? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why was the SpongeBob movie appropriate for the concrete operational stage? |
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Definition
| Because kids ages 6-12 can apply the simple logic used to describe events in the SpongeBob movie. |
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Term
| Why was Elmo show appropriate for the preoperational stage? |
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Definition
| Because children 2-6 years of age can identify symbols used in Elmo with little logical reasoning (not enough for SpongeBob Squarepants) |
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Term
| Why was the Venture Bros appropriate for the formal operations stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is stranger anxiety and separation anxiety? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do stranger anxiety and separation anxiety develop and how are they related? |
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Definition
| 12 months and they're related because they're similar; stranger anxiety is when babies are afraid of strangers (usually people other than immediate family) and separation anxiety is when a baby enters a place (ex. daycare) with mom and then cries when mom leaves (thus, left w strangers) |
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Term
| What happened to the infant monkey? Which mother did they prefer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were some side effects of the experiment of the monkeys? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can the side effects of the monkey experiment be reversed? Why/Why not? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is critical period? What is it called in humans and why? |
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Definition
| a period during which a particular form of learning must occur, or you will lose your chance to develop that skill. In humans, myelination is the time-flexible critical period. |
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Term
| What does brain plasticity have to do with the critical period? |
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Definition
| Brain plasticity just refers to when the brain is impressionable; the changing of neurons, the organization of their networks, and their function via new experiences. Brain plasticity has to do w the critical period because puberty begins a final period of brain myelination; brain undergoes a development of greater myelination that's correlated w the capacity to think abstractly |
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Term
| The strongest and most preferred behavior science method is: |
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Definition
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Term
| This method includes case studies, naturalistic observation, and polling. |
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Definition
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Term
| The least useful behavior science method: |
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Definition
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Term
| This method is used to study interesting or rare cases |
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Definition
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Term
| Consists of independent and dependent variables |
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Definition
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Term
| Contains contradictory statements including "absence makes the heart grow stronger" and "out of sight, out of mind" |
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Definition
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Term
| This method involves surveys and can be easily manipulated |
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Definition
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Term
| The co relation between two variables |
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Definition
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Term
| this method requires independent and dependent variables |
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Definition
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Term
| just because this method implies causation doesn't mean that it is so |
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Definition
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Term
| If someone encounters head trauma and experiences an increase in intelligence instead of the usual memory loss, we would study them using this method: |
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Definition
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Term
| this method of behavioral science includes false statements like "opposites attract" |
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Definition
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Term
| simple observation and description: |
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Definition
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Term
| Random assignment is very important in this method: |
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Definition
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Term
| Drawbacks of this method are the illusions created by ignoring and noticing certain conditions because of biases: |
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Definition
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Term
| A relationship between the increase in oranges and grapefruit can be shown by this method but that does not mean causation: |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the function and location of: Parietal |
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Definition
| touch and vetibular(balance) input |
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Term
| Describe the function and location of: Occipital |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the function and location of: Temporal |
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Definition
| auditory, gustatory(taste), and olfactory(smell) input |
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Term
| Describe the function and location of: Frontal |
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Definition
| planning and motor output |
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Term
| Describe briefly the part and function of: Axon |
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Definition
| aka the nerve fiber; carries messages (action potentials) away from the soma toward the cells w which the neuron communicates |
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Term
| Describe briefly the part and function of: Dendrites |
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Definition
| treelike growths attached to the body of a nerve cell; receive messages from other neurons |
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Term
| Describe briefly the part and function of: Myelin Sheath |
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Definition
| a layer that surrounds only the axons that travel through a neuron; the production of myelin sheath is myelination |
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Term
| Describe briefly the part and function of: Nucleus |
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Definition
| the center of a cell that holds all genetic information like DNA, genes and chromosomes |
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Term
| Describe briefly the part and function of: Soma or Cell Body |
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Definition
| largest part of the neuron; contains the mechanisms that control the metabolism and maintenance of the cell; receives messages from the other neurons |
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Term
| Describe briefly the part and function of: Terminal Buttons |
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Definition
| axons end in terminal buttons, which are located at the ends of the "twigs" that branch off their ends; secrete a chemical called a neurotransmitter whenever an action potential is sent down the axon (when axon fires) |
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Term
| Explain the pathway of action potentials |
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Definition
| action potentials are carried by the axon away from the soma toward the cells with which the neuron communicates |
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Term
| What are the 6 main neurotransmitter classes? |
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Definition
1)glutamate ex)alcohol
2)GABA ex)barbiturates and anti-anxiety drugs like benzodiazepines
3)acetylocholine-secreted by motor neurons ex)black widow spider venom and botulinum toxin
4)monoamines ex)dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
5)peptides ex)amino acids
6)cannabinoids ex)marijuana |
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Term
| Explain what is meant by neurotransmitter pathway: |
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Definition
| neurotransmitters are secreted by terminal buttons whenever an action potential is sent down the axon(aka when the axon fires) |
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Term
| What are the functions of sensory, motor, and interneurons? |
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Definition
sensory-neurons that receive info from sense receptors
motor-neurons whose axons form synapses w a muscle(from brain to muscle)
interneurons-connect sensory neurons to motor neurons |
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