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Psychology Final Exam
Dixon test 4
111
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/13/2011

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Term
What definition of psychological disorders exist?
Definition
Violation of Cultural Standards
Emotional Distress
As behavior that is harmful to oneself or others
Term
What is a problem with mental disorders as a violation of cultural standards?
Definition
One thing considered abnormal in one culture can be normal in another.
Term
What is a problem with mental disorders as emotional distress?
Definition
Does not explain behavior of clearly disturbed individuals who are not troubled by their actions
Term
Mental Disorder
Definition
Any behavior or emotional state that causes a person to suffer, is self destructive, seriously impairs the person's ability to work or get along with others, or endangers others or the community.
Term
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
Definition
Provides a clear diagnostic so that clinicians and researchers can agree on disorders to study and treat.
Term
What are some concerns about the Diagnostic System?
Definition
The danger of over-diagnosis.
The Power of Diagnostic Labels
The confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems
The Illusion of objectivity and universality (decisions based on group consensus, not empirical evidence)
Term
Advantages of DSM
Definition
When manual is used correctly, provides reliability and repeatability.
Provides a list of culture-bound syndromes.
Term
Projective Tests
Definition
Tests used to infer a person's motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli.
Term
Objective Tests
Definition
Inventories
MMPI
Term
Inventories
Definition
Standardized objective questionnaires that require written responses. Include scales on which people are expected to rate themselves.
Term
MMPI
Definition
Most widely used personality test. Used in clinical and employment settings that detect extremes.
Term
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Definition
Continuous state of anxiety marked by worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension. Includes sweaty palms, racing heart, and shortness of breath.
Term
PTSD
Definition
Anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or life-threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving the trauma, and increased physiological arousal. Diagnosed only if symptoms persist for six months or longer.
Term
Panic Disorder
Definition
An Anxiety Disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks
Term
Panic Attack
Definition
A Feeling of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid breathing and dizziness
Term
Phobia
Definition
An Exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situations, activity, or object.
Term
Agoraphobia
Definition
A set of phobias, often set off by a panic attack, involving the basic fear of being away from a safe place or person. Typically begins with a panic attack that seems to have no cause, then the person avoids situations that may provoke another one.
Term
OCD
Definition
An anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors.
Term
Major Depression
Definition
A mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness) behavior, (loss of interest in one's usual activities), cognition (thoughts of hopelessness), and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite).
Term
What are other symptoms of depression
Definition
Depressed Mood
Reduced Interest in almost all activities
Significant Weight gain or loss
Sleeping too much or too little
Fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Reduced ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death
*DSM-IV Requires 5 of these within the past 2 weeks. Must have Depressed mood or reduced interest in activities.
Term
Bipolar Disorder
Definition
A mood disorder in which episodes of depression AND mania occur
Mania isn't good
Manic person is excessively wired, powerful and full of plans (based on delusional ideas), goes on extravagant spending sprees, has risky sexual adventures, etc.
Term
Theories of Depression- Genetic Factors
Definition
Genetic theories of depression are supported by studies of adopted children.
5-HTT is a gene that is present in either a long or short form
17% of individuals with long form become severely depressed. 43% with two copies of the short form are severely depressed
Genetics may also influence levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters.
Term
Life Experiences and Circumstances
Definition
Social explanations emphasize the stressful circumstances in people's lives
Loss of or problems with important relationships
Psychologists investigating sex differences have ruled out hormones and genetics and are now investigating life circumstances.
Term
Cognitive Habits
Definition
Cognitive Explanations emphasize habits of thinking and ways of interpreting events.
Depressed people believe their situation is permanent and uncontrollable
Rumination: Brooding about negative aspects of one's life
Term
Personality Disorders
Definition
Rigid, maladaptive patters that cause personal distress or an inability to get along with others.
Term
Paranoid personality disorder
Definition
Marked by habitually unreasonable and excessive suspiciousness and jealousy
Term
Narcissistic Personality disorder
Definition
Marked by an exaggerated sense of self importance and self absorption.
Term
Is Narcissism always marked by an internal depression?
Definition
No.
Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
Characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior, antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking, violence, and other impulsive, restless acts.
Term
Psychopathy
Definition
Characterized by a lack of remorse, empathy, anxiety, and other social emotions: the use of deceit and manipulation and impulsive thrill seeking.
Term
What are the Causes of APD and Psychopathy?
Definition
Abnormalities in the CNS. Impaired frontal-lobe functioning Genetic influences
Term
What effect does abstinence in drug policies have on addiction rates?
Definition
It tends to increase them.
Term
Do all addicts have withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug?
Definition
No.
Term
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Definition
Controversial disorder marked by the appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits.
Term
What are the two views of MPD?
Definition
1st: MPD is common but often unrecognized as such. Starts as a childhood means of coping; trauma produced mental splitting.
2nd View: Created through pressure and suggestion by clinicians. Cases went from handfuls to ten thousand since 1980
Term
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Definition
MPD is an extreme form of our ability to present many aspects of our personality to others.
MPD is a socially acceptable way for troubled people to make sense of their problems
Therapists looking for MPD may reward patients with attention and praise for revealing more and more personalities.
Term
What is not a symptom of Schizophrenia?
Definition
Multiple Personality Disorder.
Term
What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia
Definition
Bizarre Delusions
Hallucinations and heightened sensory awareness
Disorganized, incoherent speech
Grossly disorganized and inappropriate behavior
Impaired cognitive abilities.
Term
Delusions
Definition
False beliefs that often accompany schizophrenia
Term
Hallucinations
Definition
Sensory Experiences that occur in absence of actual stimulation.
Term
Origins of Schizophrenia
Definition
Genetic Vulnerability- Risk of developing schizophrenia increases as the genetic relatedness with a schizophrenic increases
Structural Brain Abnormalities- Decreased brain weight, decreased volume in the temporal lobe or hippocampus; enlargement of ventricals (but not always)
Neurotransmitter abnormalities- include serotonin, glutamate, dopamine. Many have increased brain activity in areas served by dopamine and dopamine receptors
Prenatal complications
Adolescent brain abnormalities.
Term
Antipsychotic drugs
Definition
Many Block or reduce sensitivity of dopamine receptors
Some increase levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that inhibits dopamine activity.
Can relieve the positive aspects of schizophrenia (voices, etc.) but can worsen negative symptoms (emotional flatness)
Term
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Definition
Elevate norepinephrine and serotonin levels in the brain by blocking an enzyme that deactivates these neurotransmitters.
Term
Trycyclic Antidepressants
Definition
Boost Norepinephrine by preventing uptake.
Term
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Definition
Boost serotonin by preventing uptake.
Term
Tranquilizers
Definition
Increase activity of GABA
Developed for treatment of mild anxiety
Often Prescribed inappropriately
Xanax and Valium. Similar addiction and tolerance to alcohol.
Term
Lithium Carbonate
Definition
Used to treat bipolar disorder. Can be fatal in high doses
Newer Treatments include Tegetrol and Depakote.
Term
Antidepressent Dropout Rate
Definition
50-66%
Term
Appropriate Dosage is affected by what?
Definition
Sex, age, ethnic group, body fat, number and type of drug receptors in the brain, eating habits, and smoking.
Term
Long-Term risks of Antypsychotics?
Definition
Can be fatal in the long term
Can Cause Tardive Dyskinesia
No long-term studies have been conducted.
Term
Psychosurgery
Definition
Destroying select areas of the brain believed to be involved in emotional disorders or violent, impulsive behavior.
Term
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Definition
Procedure used in cases of prolonged and severe major depression-safer and used more often now. Brain seizure is induced.
Term
Transcranial magnetic Stimulation
Definition
Involves use of pulsing magnetic coils held to a person's skull over the left prefontal cortex
Treatment does not result in pain or memory problems. Controlled studies suggest positive results.
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
A Method of psychotherapy developed by Freud, emphasizes the exploration of unconscious motives and conflicts
Term
Free Association
Definition
a method in psychoanalysis of uncovering unconscious conflicts by saying freely whatever comes to mind.
Term
How do other psycho-dynamic therapies differ from Freud's methods?
Definition
The tend to focus more on the present instead of the past
Term
Transference
Definition
The critical step in which the client transfers unconscious emotions or reactions, such as conflicts with parents, onto the therapist.
Term
Behavior Therapy
Definition
A form of therapy that applies classical and operant conditioning to help people change own defeating or problematic behaviors.
Term
Cognitive Techniques in Therapy
Definition
Examine the evidence for beliefs.
Consider other explanations for the behavior of other people
Identify assumptions and biases
Term
Rational Emotive Therapy
Definition
A form of cognitive therapy devised by Alber Ellis, designed to challenge the client's unrealistic or irrational thoughts
Term
Humanist Therapy
Definition
Based on the assumption that people seek self-actualization and self-fulfillment.
Emphasized people's free will to change, not past conflicts.
Term
Client-centered therapy
Definition
focusing on Unconditional Positive Regard.
Term
When can therapy be harmful?
Definition
When it creates a prejudice, when it uses unsupported techniques, when there is inappropriate behavior and when there is a relationship between the two.
Term
What are the Major Motives of Life?
Definition
The motive to love
The motive for sex
the motive to eat
the motive to achieve
Term
Motivation
Definition
An inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation
Term
Intrinsic motivation
Definition
The pursuit of an activity for its own sake.
Term
Extrinisic motivation
Definition
The pursuit of an activity for external rewards such as money or fame.
Term
When do the neurological origins of passionate love begin?
Definition
In infancy when the child attaches to the mother.
Term
What neurotransmitters and hormones are involved in pleasure and reward and are activated by mother-baby, adult lover, and close friend bonds?
Definition
Endorphins and Oxytocin.
Term
T/F, Parts of the brain light up when people look at pictures of sweethearts or biological children?
Definition
True.
Term
The need for affiliation
Definition
The motive to associate with other people by seeking friends, companionship, or love.
Term
What are the predictors of love?
Definition
Proximity
Similarity
Term
What are the three styles of love according to the attachment theory?
Definition
Secure love-Rarely jealous or worried about abandonment.
Avoidant- distrustful and avoids intimate attachments
Anxious-ambivalent- agitated and worried partner will leave.
Term
What are the three main ideas in Sternberg's theory of love?
Definition
Passion-Euphoria and extreme excitement
Intimacy- Being free to talk about things, feeling close to and being understood by loved ones
Commitment: Needing to be with the other person, being loyal.
(Ideal love involves all three)
Term
T/F Testosterone produces desire in both sexes
Definition
True
Term
T/F Sexual behavior does not increase testosterone
Definition
False
Term
Do people who are chemically castrated lose their sexual desires?
Definition
Not always
Term
What did Freud, Kinsey, Masters, and Johnson believe about the female orgasm?
Definition
Frued- immature clitoral orgasm and mature vaginal orgasm
Kinsey- males and females had similar orgasms but females were less sexual
Masters and Johnson- women's capacity to orgasm surpassed mens'.
(But did not examine differences based on developmental, experimental, or cultural factors).
Term
What do social psychologists suggest about sex differences between sex drives?
Definition
Men's behavior is more biologically determined
Females are more determined by circumstances, the relationship, and cultural norms.
Term
What are the motives for sex?
Definition
Enhancement
Intimacy
Coping
Self-Affirmation
Partner Approval
Peer Approval
Reproduction
Term
On a representative study of 300 women, what percentage of women said that they had been forced to do something sexually? What percentage of men said they had forced someone to do something sexual?
Definition
25% of women.
3% of men.
Term
Sexual Script
Definition
Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person's age, culture, and gender.
Term
What factors do not explain homosexuality?
Definition
A smothering mother
An absent father
Emotional Problems
Same-sex play in childhood and adolescence
Parental Practices
Role Models
Seduction by an older adult
Term
Biological explanations for homosexuality?
Definition
Prenatal exposure and masculanizing androgens
May be moderately heritable
Term
True or False, there are studies demonstrating brain differences between homosexuals and heterosexuals, and these studies have been replicated.
Definition
False.
Term
Are there genetic links to homosexuality?
Definition
Yes. Identical twins have the highest concordance rates for sexual orientation. This suggests some genetic link in sexual orientation.
Term
T/F Sexual identity and behavior are different and occur in different combinations.
Definition
True.
Term
True or False- There is a link between obesity and emotional distress.
Definition
False
Term
Is heaviness always caused by overeating?
Definition
No. The set point, or genetically influenced weight range for an individual, is maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism.
Term
T/F Genetic factors play a large role in body weight
Definition
True
Term
What environmental factors affect weight?
Definition
Increased abundance of low cost, high fat foods
Eating on the run instead of leisurely meals
Energy saving devices such as remote controls
Driving rather than walking or biking
Watching television or video games instead of exercising.
Term
T/F, in all cultures, fat is viewed as a sign of poor health and low sexual desireability.
Definition
False
Term
What has happened to the weight standard for women in almost all cultures, and what has been happening to the obesity level in all cultures?
Definition
The standard for women is going down, while the standard for weight is going up.
Term
How has the cultural ideal for men changed?
Definition
Muscles now mean affluence rather than working class status.
Term
T/F Cultures that regard overweight as a sign of health and sexiness tend to have high obesity problems.
Definition
True.
Term
Bulimia
Definition
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating (binges) followed by forced vomiting or use of laxitives (purging).
Term
Anorexia Nervosa
Definition
An eating disorder characterized by fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced food consumption, and emaciation.
Term
What factors influence eating disorders?
Definition
Extremely thin media stars
Desire for men to be more "manly"
Unrealistic standards of beauty and self-criticism.
Psychological factors such as depression, low self esteem, perfectionism, distorted body image, and pressure from others.
Term
What is the need for achievement?
Definition
A learned motive to meet personal standards for success and excellence in a chosen area.
Term
Goals to improve motivation work best when:
Definition
The goal is specific
The goal is challenging but achievable
The goal is framed in terms of approach goals instead of avoidance goals
Term
Performance goals
Definition
Goals framed in terms of performing well in front of others, being judged favorably, and avoiding criticism.
Term
Mastery Goals
Definition
Goals framed in terms of increasing one's competence and skills.
Term
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
Definition
An expectation that comes true because of the tendency to act in ways that bring it about.
Term
Self-efficacy
Definition
A person's belief that he/she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals.
Term
What conditions increase job involvement, motivation, and satisfaction?
Definition
When work provides meaningfulness
When employees have control over part of work
When tasks are varied
When companies maintain clear and consistent rules
When employees have supportive relationships with superiors and co-workers
When Employees receive useful feedback.
When Companies offer opportunities for growth.
Term
approach-approach conflict
Definition
When a person is attracted to two activities or goals.
Term
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Definition
When a person must chose between the lesser of two evils
Term
Approach-avoidance conflict
Definition
When one activity or goal has both positive and negative elements.
Term
Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts
Definition
Several choices, each with advantages and disadvantages.
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy/Pyramid of needs
Definition
Need for Self-Actualization
v
Esteem Needs
v
Need for love and belonging
v
Need for Safety
v
Physiological Needs
Term
True or false, high level needs must be met before low level needs can be addressed.
Definition
False.
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