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Psychology Final Exam
Old Material
34
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/04/2010

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Term
Who is the father of Developmental Psychology?
Definition
G. Stanley Hall
Term

(after reading a brief description of a research study, be able to identify the following)

 

if the study is an experiment

Definition
  • random assignment
  • manipulation of Independent Variable- different levels of that variable
Term

(after reading a brief description of a research study, be able to identify the following)

 

if the study is a quasi-experiment

Definition
  • experiment without random assignment
  • used when sex, age, ethnicity, etc
Term

(after reading a brief description of a research study, be able to identify the following)

 

if the study is a correlation

Definition
examine alread existing differences between groups without changing experiences
Term

(after reading a brief description of a research study, be able to identify the following)

 

what are the independent variables

Definition
what you are going to expose them to
Term

(after reading a brief description of a research study, be able to identify the following)

 

what are the dependent variables

Definition
Term

(after reading a brief description of a research study, be able to identify the following)

 

the sampling method used

Definition
  • stratified sampling: group proportions in the population are equally represented in the sample
  • convinence sampling:                                                                        
Term
Describe the three types of genetic inheritance:
Definition

-Codominance: when a genotype of Xx produces a phenotype composed of both dominant and recessive characteristics

 

-Sex Linked: determined by a gene that appears on one of the two sex chromosomes

 

-Polygenic: characteristics inherited as multiple genes interact with environment factors

Term
What are the three prinicples of growth?
Definition
  1. cephalocaudal principle: growth occurs head-to-tail
  2. proximodistal principle: growth occurs from center of the body out
  3. orthogenetic priciple: growth begins globally and undifferentiated to specialize
Term
Describe the infant relflexes discussed in class:
Definition
  • rooting: touch babies cheek and it turns to suck
  • sucking: put food or finger around the mouth
  • babinski: stroke the bottom of foot and toes fan in and out
  • grasping: grasp finger
  • moro: dropping reflex, flail for help
  • stepping: prepare to walk, make stepping motions
Term
What factors influence the age at which a female experiences menarche?
Definition

-starts around age 10 on average

 

depends on:

-ethnicity

-weight (bigger-> earlier the period comes)

-family environment (non-biological male-> earlier the period)

-culture (better care-> earlier period)

-history

 

 

Term
Describe the factors that can optimize an infant's visual experience:
Definition

-contour (bold colors)

-dynamic

-moderately complex

-human faces (in their environment)

Term
What is the primary reason for decline in perceptual abilities in adulthood?
Definition
  • many decreases occur gradually
  • processing information that is new and complex becomes more difficult
  • when information is familiar it is fairly easy to process
    -elderly adults are just as easily able to find items in a grocery store as young adults
Term

(describe assimilation and accommodation)

 

assimilation

Definition
  • process by which we interpret experiences
  • schema
    -cognitively organize information
Term

(describe assimilation and accommodation)

 

accommodation

Definition
process of modifying existing schemes to better fit new experiences
Term
What two types of thinking result from adolescent egocentrisim?
Definition
  • personal fable: tendency to think one's own thoughts and feelings are unique
  • imaginary audience: phenomenon involving confusing one's own thoughts with those of a hypothesized audience
Term
How is knowledge acquired through Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective of cognitive development?
Definition
through experience and interactions with a more experienced member of the community
Term
What factors can improve an individual's ability to recall information?
Definition

-distinctive

-emotionally intense

-timing

 

increased knowledge:

-as we learn more it becomes easier to remember information

-adults typically outperform children on memory tests

Term
According to Giovanni Carlesimo et al. (1998) research findings, how did the groups studied compare on tests of memory?
Definition

compared memory of:

-young adults (29 yrs)

-elderly adults (67 yrs)

-very old adults (83 yrs)

-Alziehmer's Disease (67 yrs)

 

RESULTS:

Term
Describe the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of intelligence. Be able to define the seven abilities described in level two of the theory:
Definition

Level 2: Broad Abilities

-crystallized intelligence

-fluid intelligence

-information processing speed

-short term memory

-long term memory storage & retrieval

-auditory processing

-video/spatial reasoning

Term
How do crysallized intelligence and fluid intelligence change in adulthood?
Definition

-crystallized intelligence: knowledge aquired

-fluid intelligence: ability to solve new problems

 

>crystallized intelligence- remains constant

>fluid intelligence- performance peeks at 20-24 then begins to decline (declines are not universal= poor health & unstimulating lifestyle are both more likely to see a decline)

Term
Define stereotype threat, and describe the two research studies that examined stereotype threat discussed in class.
Definition

-stereotype threats: an individual's fear that he or show will be judged to have the qualities associated with the stereotypes associated with the minority group he or she belongs to

 

-two research studies: Steele (1997) & Shih, Pittinsky, and Ambady (1999)

 

*Stereotype threats could be positive or negative

Term

(two research studies that examined stereotyoe threat discussed in class: Steele & Shih, Pittinsky, and Ambady)

 

Steele (1997)

Definition

-tested white and black female students at Stanford University

-told them they were going to take a test assessing their verbal ability

   >half were told their performance would be evaluated

   >black females did much worse when told they were being evaluated

Term

(two research studies that examined stereotyoe threat discussed in class: Steele & Shih, Pittinsky, and Ambady)

 

Shih, Pittinksy, and Ambady (1999)

Definition

-tested math skills of Asian women

   >general statement

   >primed for sex (based on being a woman)

   >primed for ethnicity (based on being asian)= did better

Term
What are infants first words called, and how do the first words of English speaking infants differ from the first words of Spanish and French speaking infants?
Definition

infants first words are called: holophrases

 

-English speaking infants- primarily use nouns in speech

-Spanish and French speaking infants- primarily use verbs in speech

Term
Describe Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development:
Definition

-oral stage: (birth- 1 year) =sucking

-anal stage: (1 yr- 3 yrs)= pleasure from bowel movements

   >toilet training creates conflict between biological urges and

     society's demands

-phallic stage: (3 yrs- 6yrs)= genitals

   >come to identity with same-sex parent

-lantent period: (6 yrs- 12yrs)= libido is quiet, energy is invested  in school work and same-sex friends

-gential stage: (12 and older)= puberty reawakens sexual interest, begin to establish more mature relationships

Term
Describe the Big-Five Factor Model of personality:
Definition

-known by O.C.E.A.N

>Openness to Experience: curiousity and interest vs preference for things that are constant

>Concientiousness: discipline and organization vs lack of seriousness

>Extroversion: socialibility and outgoingness vs shyness

>Agreeableness: compliance and cooperativeness vs suspiciousness

>Neuroticism: emotional instability vs stability

Term
What factors lead to decrease of self-esteem in adolescence?
Definition

-begin comparing self to ideal self

-self-evaluations are typically inaccurate

 

-body changes

-big-fish-little-pond effect

-beginning exploration of self

   >identity vs. role confusion

Term
Describe James Marcia's (1966) statuses of identity development, and processes in which an individual progresses through each status:
Definition

-begins 12-15 years of age: diffusion and foreclosure status

-through development, move to moratorium status

-identity achievement: increases self-esteem

-process takes a long time

-debate when identity is officially achieved: occurs at different rates based on career goals, religion, political beliefs, ethnicity and other factors

-can reevaluate identity late in the lifespan

Term
Why do elderly adults maintain postitive self-concepts despite experiencing decreases in self-esteem with age?
Definition

-standards change

-adjust ideal self to reflect reality

-compare self to older adults

Term
Describe Sandra Bem's Gender Model:
Definition
defines gender based on levels of feminine and masculine tratis
Term
Describe the Strange Situation. What are the four types of attachment infants can be classified as based on their displayed behavior in the Strange Situation?
Definition
  1. Secure Attachment: (60%)- active exploration with stranger, becomes upset when mother leaves, calms down and greets mother warmly upon return
  2. Anxious/Ambivalent: (10%)- little exploration and contact with stranger, upset when mother leaves, but ambivalent about return
  3. Avoidant: (15%)- uniterested in exploring, little distress when mother leaves, avoids mother upon return
  4. Disorganized: (15%)- when reunited with mother they often appear frightened and confused
Term
What did the experiment conducted by Harlow & Zimmerman (1959) suggest about the formation of attachment?
Definition

-placed a monkey in a cage with two caregivers (wire and cloth)

-the monkey preferred the cloth caregiver (than the wire caregiver)

  >warmth and comfort

Term
According to Sternberg, three factors lead to the development of love? Describe the seven types of love Sternberg believed resulted from the interaction from these three factors.
Definition

Passion

Intimacy

Commitment

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