Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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Definition
| study conducted via careful observations and scientifically based research |
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Definition
fake "sciences" that try to pass as psychology
like astrology, fortune telling, etc |
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Definition
| the tendency to attend to avidence that complements and confirms our beliefs or expectations, while ignoring evidence that does not |
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Term
| experimental psychologists |
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Definition
| psychologists who do research on basic psychological processes - also called research psychologists |
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Term
| applie psychological specialties |
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Definition
Industrial/Organizational
Sports
Engineering
School
Rehabilitation
Clinical |
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| Industrial/Organizational |
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Definition
| modifying work environments to maximize productivity |
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Definition
| work with athletes to maximize performance |
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| enginerring psychologists |
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Definition
| design equipment for more convenient human use |
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Definition
| diagnose learning and behavioral problems with students/parents/teachers |
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| rehabilitation psychologists |
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Definition
| serve at places to treat patients with pysical and mental disorders |
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Term
| clinical/counseling psychologists |
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Definition
| regular type of psychologists that work to counsel people |
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Definition
| psychologists whose primary job is teaching typically in high schools, colleges, and universities |
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Definition
| psychologists who use the knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems |
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Definition
a medical specialty dealing with diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
they're required an MD and may prescribe medicine |
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Definition
| (Wundt) devoted to uncovering the basic structures that make up mind and thought |
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Definition
| process of reporting on one's own conscious mental experiences |
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Definition
| (William James) believed mental processes could best be understoof in terms of their adaptive purpose and function |
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Definition
| William James' concept that the mind wanders from subject to subject |
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Definition
sought to understand how the brain works by studying perception and perceptual learning
(aka looking at things as whole)
(came as a reaction to Structuralism) |
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Definition
(Watson) sought to make psychology an objective science focused only on behavior - the exclusion of mental processes
(came as a result of introspection, structuralism, functionalism, and gestalt) |
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Definition
| (Freud)emphasized unconscious processes |
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Definition
| psychological view that searches for causes of behavior through GENES, the BRAIN, NERVOUS/ENDOCRINE system |
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Definition
| field devoted to understanding how the brain creates thoughts, feelings, motives, consciousness, memories, and other mental processes |
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Definition
sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their GENETIC ADAPTATIONS for SURVIVAL and REPRODUCTION
(darwin) |
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Definition
| psychological perspectiveemphasizing change that occurs across a lifespan |
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Definition
| psychological perspective emphasizing mental processes (learning, memory, perception, thinking) |
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Definition
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Definition
| emphasizing brain activity as information processing |
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Definition
psychological perspective emphasizing mental health and mental illness
(includes psychodynamic and humanistic views) |
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Definition
| (freud) clinical viewpoint emphasizing the understanding of mental disorders in terms of unconscious needs, desires, memories, and conflicts |
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Definition
clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential and free will
(Maslow and Rogers) |
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Definition
psychological perspective that finds the source of our actions in ENVIRONMENTAL stimuli, rather than in inner mental processes
(Skinner) |
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Definition
| psychological perspective emphasizing importance of social interaction, social learning, and a cultural perspective |
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Definition
| complex blend of language, beliefs, customs, values, and traditions developed by a group of people and shared with others in the same environment |
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Definition
| psychological perspective that views behavior and personality as the product of enduring psychological characteristics |
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Definition
| 5 step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control biaes and subjective judgments |
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Term
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Definition
| a testable explanation for a set of facts or observations |
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Definition
| a statement predicting the outcome of a scientific study |
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Definition
| specific descriptions of concepts involving the conditions of a scientific study |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus condition that cannot be changed by the other conditions, except for the experimenter |
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Definition
| process by which chance alone determines the order in which the stimulus is presented |
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Definition
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Definition
| the measured outcome of a study, reponsive to the independent variable |
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Definition
| doing a study over to see whether the same results are obtained |
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Definition
| kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions |
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Term
| confounding/extraneous variables |
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Definition
| variables that have an unwanted influence on the outcome of an experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| constraints that the experimenter places on the experiment to ensure that each subject has the exact sae conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| each subject of the sample has an equal likelihood of being chosen for hte experimental group of an experiment |
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Definition
| research in which we choose subjects based on a pre-existing condition |
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Definition
type of research that's mainly statistical in nature.
determines relationship between 2 variables |
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Term
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Definition
| quasi-experimental method in which questions are asked to subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| research method in which the subjects are observed in their natural environment |
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Definition
| type of study in which one group of subjects is followed and ovserved for an extended period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| study in which a representative cross ection of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time |
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Term
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Definition
| cross section of the population is chosen and then each chort is followed for a short period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| the researcher allowing personal beliefs to affect the outcome of a study |
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Term
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Definition
| researcher allowing his or her expectations to affect the outcome of a study |
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Term
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Definition
| experimental procedure in which both researchers and participants are uninformed about the nature of the independent variable being administered |
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Term
| Institutional Review Board (IRB) |
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Definition
| committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology |
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Term
| Institutional Animal Care and Use Commitee (IACUC) |
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Definition
| committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment INVOLVING ANIALS for ethics and methodology |
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Definition
| summary chart, showing how frequently each of the various scores in a set of data occurs |
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Definition
| bar graph depicting a frequency distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| statistical procedures used to describe characteristics and responses of groups of subjects |
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Definition
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Definition
| measue of variability that indicates the average difference between the scores and their mean |
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Definition
| a bell-shaped curve, describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population |
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Definition
| relationship between variables |
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Definition
| a number between -1 and +1 expressing the degree of relationship between 2 variables |
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Definition
| increasing variable with increasing variable |
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Definition
| increasing variable with decreasing variable |
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Definition
| no relationship between variables |
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Definition
| sample group of subjects selected by chance |
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Definition
| a sample obtained in such a way that it reflects the whole population |
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Definition
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Definition
| specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of bilogy, behavior, and mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual process of biological change that occurs in a species as it adapts to its environment |
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Term
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Definition
| in which the environment "selects" the fittest organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism's gebetuc makeup |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism's observable physical characteristics |
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Definition
| cell specialized to receive and trasmit info to other cells in body |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cell that carries messages from sense receptors toward the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cell that carries messages away from the central nervous system toward the muscles and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cell that relays messages between nerve cells |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical charge of the axon in its inactive state, when neuron is ready to "fire" |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve impulse caused by a change in electrical charge across the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the fact that the potential in the axon occurs either full-blown or not at all |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic gap that serves as a communications link between neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny bulblike structures at the end of the axon which contain neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| relaying of info across the synapse by means of chemical neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| small "container" holding neurotransmitter molecules that then connects to the presynatic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messangers that relay neural messages across the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| the nervous system's ability to adapt or change as the result of experience |
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Term
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Definition
sensations of pleasure and reward
imbalance: schizophrenia/parkinsons |
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Term
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Definition
regulates sleep/dreaming/mood/pain/aggression/appetite/sexual behavior
imbalance: depression/anxiety disorders/OCD |
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Term
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Definition
used by neurons in autonomic nervous system and by neurons in almost every region of brain
imbalance: high blood pressure, depression |
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Term
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Definition
primary neurotransmitter used by efferent neurons carrying messages from the CNS
imbalance: muscular disorders, alzheimers |
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Term
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Definition
most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of the CNS
imbalance: anxiety, epilepsy |
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Term
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Definition
primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS involved in learning/memory
imbalance: brain damage after stroke |
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Term
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Definition
pleasurable sensations and control of pain
imbalance: lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that bind neurons together |
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Term
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Definition
| entire network of neurons in body |
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Term
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Definition
peripheral nervous system
central nervous system: brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| parts of peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| autonomic nervous system/somatic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
communicates with internal organs/glands
sympathetic (arousing)
parasympatehtic (calming) |
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Term
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Definition
communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles
sensory (afferent) nervous system (sensory input)
motor (efferent) nervous system (motor output) |
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Term
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Definition
| simple, unlearned response triggered by stimuli |
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Definition
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Definition
| chemical messenger used by endocrine system |
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Term
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Definition
| "master gland" that produces hormones influencing the secretions of all the other endocrine glands |
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Term
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Definition
| drug or other chemical that ENHANCES/MIMICS effects of neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| drug or chemical that INHIBITS effects of neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of nerve cells that follow generalyl the same route and employ the same neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| (EEG) device used to record brain waves |
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Term
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Definition
| (CT scan) computerized imaging technique that uses X rays passed through the brain at various angles then combined together |
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Term
| positron emission tomography |
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Definition
| (PET scan) imaging technique that relies on the detection of radioactive sugar consumbed by active brain cells |
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Term
| magnetic resonance imaging |
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Definition
| (MRI) an imaging technique that relies on cells' responses in a high-intensity magnetic field |
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Term
| functional magnetic resonance imaging |
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Definition
| (fMRI) type of MRI that reveals which parts of the brain are most active during various mental activities |
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Term
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Definition
most primitive of the brain's 3 major layers
consists of MEDULLA, PONS, RETICULAR FORMATION |
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Term
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Definition
| controls breathing and heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates brain activity during sleep and dreaming |
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Term
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Definition
| pencil-shaped structure arouses cortex to keep brain alert and attentive to new stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
brain's central "relay station"
nearly all messages go in and out through the thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
the "little brain" attached to the brain stem
responsible for coordinated movements |
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Term
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Definition
middle layer of brain
involved in emotion and memory
includes hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and other structures |
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Term
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Definition
| component of the limbic system, involved in establishing long-term memories |
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Definition
| involved in memory and emotion (particularly fear and aggression) |
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Definition
| constantly monitors blood to determine condition of body |
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Definition
| "higher" mental processing, including thinking and perceiving |
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Definition
| involved in movement and thinking |
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Definition
| controls voluntary movement |
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Definition
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Definition
| associated with processing words that we hear being spoken |
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Definition
| processes sound and our ability to hear |
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Definition
| separates parietal and frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| separates frontal and temporal lobe |
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Definition
| involved in touch sensation and in perceiving spatial relationships |
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Definition
| involved with sensations of touch |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| processes sounds, including speech, and long-term memories |
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Definition
| combines information fromvarious other parts of the brain |
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Definition
| tendency of each brain hemisphere to exert control over different functions |
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Definition
| band of nerve cells that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
| process by which stimulation of a sensory receptor produces nerual impulses that the brain interprets as a sound, visual image, etc |
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Definition
| process that makes sensory patterns meaningful |
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Term
| process of stimulation to perception |
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Definition
| stimulation --> transduction --> sensation --> perception |
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Term
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Definition
| transformation of one form of energy to another |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of responsiveness in receptor cells after stiulation has remained unchanged for a while |
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Definition
| amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected |
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Definition
| smallest amount by which a stimulus can be changed and the difference be detected half the time (JND) |
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Term
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Definition
| JND is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| magnitude of a stimulus can be estimated by a formula |
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Definition
| law of magnitude estimation that is more accurate than fechner's law and covers a wider variety of stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| sensation is a judgment the sensory system makes about incoming stimulation |
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Definition
| thin light-sensitive layer at back of eyeball containing photoreceptors |
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Definition
| light sensitive cells in the retina that convert light energy to neural impulses |
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Definition
| photoreceptors sensitive to dim light |
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Definition
| photoreceptors sensitive to color |
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Definition
| tiny area of sharpest vision in retina |
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Definition
| bundle of neurons that carry visual info from retina to brain |
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Definition
| point where the optic nerve exits the eye and where there are no photoreceptors |
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Definition
| psychological sensation caused by intensity of light waves |
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Definition
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Definition
| entire range of electromagnetic energy |
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Definition
| tiny part of electromagnetic spectrum in which our eyes are sensitive to |
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Definition
| idea that colors are sensed by 3 different types of cones sensitive to RED, GREEN, and BLUE |
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Definition
| idea that cells in the visual system process colors in complementary pairs (red/green, yellow/blue) |
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Definition
| sensations that linger after stimulus is removed |
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Definition
| prevents individual from discriminating certain colors |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| primary organ of hearing (coiled tube) |
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Definition
| tissue on inside of cochlea with vibration-sensitive hair cells |
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Definition
| sensory characterisitc of sound produced by the frequency of the sound wave |
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Definition
| sensory characteristic of sound produced by amplitude |
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Definition
| quality of sound wave deriving from wave's complexity |
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Definition
| inability to hear resulting from damage to middle ear structures |
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Definition
| inability to hear, linked to a deficit in body's ability to transmit impulses from cochlea to brain |
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Definition
| sense of body orientation in respect to gravity |
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Definition
| sense of body position and movement of body parts in relation to each other |
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Definition
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Definition
| chemical signals released by organisms to communicate with other members of their species |
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Definition
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Definition
| sensory systems for processing touch, warmth, cold, texture, and pain |
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Definition
| explanation for pain control that proposes we have a neural "gate" that can block incoming pain signals |
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Definition
| response to a "fake drug" caused by subject's belief that theyre taking a real drug |
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Definition
| meaningful product of perception |
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Definition
| cells in cortex that speciailize in extracting certain features of a stimulus |
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Definition
| how brain "combines" percepts |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| ability to recognize the same object as remaining "constant" under different conditions, such as changes in illumination, distance, or location |
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Definition
| images that are capable of more than one interpretation |
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Definition
part of a pattern that commands attention
figure stands out |
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Definition
the part of a pattern that doesn't command attention
background |
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Definition
| gestalt principles that identifies the tendency to fill in gaps in figures and to see incomplete figures as complete |
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Term
| laws of perceptual grouping |
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Definition
| principles of similarity, proximity, continuity, and common fate |
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Definition
| gestalt principle that we tend to group similar objects together in our perceptions |
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Definition
| gestalt principle that we tend to group objects together when they're near each other |
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Definition
| gestalt principle that we prefer perceptions of connected and continuous figures to disconnected and disjointed ones |
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Term
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Definition
| gestalt principle that we tend to group similar objects together that share a common motion or destination |
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Definition
gestalt principle that states the simplest organization will emerge as the figure
(basically, our mind would prefer to see a full circle rather than a broken one) |
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Definition
| info taken in by both eyes that aids in depth perception |
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Definition
| info about depth that relies on the input of just one-eye |
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Definition
| view that perception is primary shaped by learning/experience, rather than innate factors |
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Definition
| readiness to detect a particular stimulus in a given context |
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Definition
| process by which the brain creates a model of internal and external experience |
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Definition
| involves cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and specialists |
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Definition
| any brain process that does not involve conscious processing |
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Definition
| info thats not currently in consciousness but can be recaleld to consciousness |
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Definition
| part of the mind that is a collection of mental process that operate outside of awareness |
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Definition
| common variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation |
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Definition
| physiological patterns that repeat approximately every 24 hours |
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Term
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Definition
stage of sleep that occurs every 90 minutes, marked by rapid eye movements
associated with dreaming |
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Term
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Definition
| recurring periods of sleep, when a sleeper is nto showing rapid eye movements |
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Definition
condition in which sleeper is unable to move any of the voluntary muscles, except those controlling eyes
occurs in REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| condition of increased REM sleep cause by REM-sleeping deprivation |
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Definition
| sleep deficiency caused by not getting amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning |
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Definition
| story line of a dream at face value |
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Definition
| symbolic interpretation of objects and events in dream |
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Term
| activation-synthesis theory |
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Definition
| theory that dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random activity |
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Definition
| inability to fall asleep quickly, frequent arousals, or early awakenings |
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Definition
| when the person stops breathing throughout sleep |
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Definition
| deep sleep episodes that produce terror |
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Definition
| random sleep attacks during the day |
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Definition
| sudden loss of muscle control |
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Definition
| induced state of awareness |
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Definition
| state of consciousness often induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior |
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Definition
| chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that create hallucinations or alter perceptions |
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Term
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Definition
| morphine, heroin, codeine, methadone |
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Term
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Definition
| mescaline, psilocybin, LSD, PCP, cannabis |
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Term
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Definition
| barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol, rohypnol |
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Term
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Definition
amphetamines
methamphetamine
ecstacy
cocaine
nicotine
caffeine |
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Term
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Definition
| highly addictive drug that creates a sense of well-being and strong pain-relieving properties |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that slow down mental and pyscial activity |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that arouse the CNS, speeding up mental and physical properties |
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Definition
| reduced effectiveness a drug has after repeated use |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which the body adjusts to and comes to need a drug for its everyday use |
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Definition
| person becomes addicted, even their body |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of uncomfortable/painful physical symptoms and cravings experienced by the user when the level of drug use is decreased |
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Term
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Definition
| desire to obtain or use a druge, even though there is no physical dependence |
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Definition
| lasting change in behavior or mental processes that results from experience |
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Definition
| learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a learned preference to stimuli to which we have been previously exposed |
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Term
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Definition
| forms of learning, such as classical or operant conditioning, that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses |
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Term
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Definition
| in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to lerning |
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Term
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Definition
| (UCS) stimulus that elicits an unconditoned response |
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Term
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Definition
| (UCR) response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning |
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Term
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Definition
| initial learning stage in which the conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a conditioned response |
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Definition
| response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
UCS --> UCR
NS + UCS --> UCR
CS --> CR |
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Term
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Definition
| weakening of a conditioned response in absence of an unconditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay |
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Definition
| extension of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the CS |
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Definition
| a change in responses to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar |
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Definition
| pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task |
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Definition
| biological tendency in which an organism learns, after a single experience, to avoid a food with a certain taste, is eating it is followed by illness |
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Definition
| an observable, voluntary behavior that an organism emits to "operate" on the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| form of behavioral learning in which the probability of a response is changed by its consequences |
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Definition
| idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned into the organism |
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Definition
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Definition
in which an individual is given a positive reaction to whatever they did
(like a smile of approval) |
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Definition
removing a bad thing by doing a good thing
or removing a bad thing in order for an individual to do a good thing |
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Term
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Definition
| a boxlike apparatus that can be programmed to deliver reinfocers and punshers contingent on an animal's behavior |
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Term
| reinforcement contingencies |
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Definition
| relationships between a response and the changes in stimulation that follow the response |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses are reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| an operant learning technique in which a new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response |
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Term
| intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| a type of reinforcement schedule where most correct responses are reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| a process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by absense/removal of reinforcement |
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Term
| schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| programs specifying the frequency and timing of reinforcements |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement depends on number of correct responses |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement depends on how much time passed from last reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement is given every certain number of correct responses |
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Term
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Definition
| correct responses required for reinforcement varies from time to time |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement is given at a set time period |
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Term
| variable interval schedules |
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Definition
| time period between reinforcements vary from time to time |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcers, such as food and sex, that have an innate basis because of their biological value to an organism |
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Term
| conditioned reinforcerss (secondary reinforcers) |
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Definition
| stimuli, like money and tokens, that acquire their reinforcing power by a learned association with primary reinforcers |
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Term
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Definition
| a therapeutic method by which individuals are rewarded with tokens |
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Term
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Definition
| one can trade in a more-preferred activity to a less-preferred one as reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| an aversive stimuli which diminishes the strength of that response |
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Term
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Definition
| requires one to experience what happens if they do something, and by doing so, they know not to do it again |
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Term
| omission training (negative punishment) |
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Definition
| results from the removal of a reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of cognitive learning in which problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of perceptions |
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Definition
| a mental representation of physical space |
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Term
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Definition
| form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after watching others' behavior and the consequences of their behaviro |
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Definition
| a biological process involving physical changes that strangthen the synapses in groups of nerve cells learned to be teh neural basis of learning |
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Definition
| any system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information |
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Term
| information-processing model |
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Definition
| a cognitive udnerstanding of memory, emphasizing how info is changed when its encoded, stored, and retrieved |
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Term
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Definition
| putting somethign into memory |
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Definition
| retention of encoded material over tiem |
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Definition
| invvolving location and recovery of info from memory |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| preserving brief snesory impressions of stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
preserves recently perceived events/experiences for less than a minute
(short-term memory) |
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Term
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Definition
largest capacity/longest duration
stores material organized according to meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| organized pieces of information into a smaller number of meaningful chunks |
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Term
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Definition
| working memory process in which info is merely repeated/reviewed to keep it from fading while in working memory |
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Term
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Definition
| working memory process in which information is actively reviewed and related to information already in LTM |
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Term
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Definition
| the conversion of information, especially semantic information, to sound patterns in working memory |
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Term
| levels of processing theory |
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Definition
| idea that things are better remembered when its connected to something that's already in long term memory |
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Term
| 2 parts of long term memory |
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Definition
declarative (knowing what)
procedural (knowing how) |
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Term
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Definition
| (knowing how) includes memory for motor skills, operant conditioning, classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
(knowing what) semantic memory: language, facts, general knowledge, concepts
episodic memory: events, personal experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| physical changes in brain associated with memory |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to form new memories |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to retrieve memories |
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Definition
| process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories over a period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that was not deliberately learned or of which you have no conscious awareness |
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Definition
| memory that has been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled |
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Term
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Definition
| stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness or into behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for cuing implicit memories by providing cues that stimuate a memory without awareness of the onnection between the cue and the retrieved memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information |
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Term
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Definition
| a retrieval method in which one must identify present stimuli as having been previously presented |
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Term
| encoding specifity principple |
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Definition
| doctrine that memory is encoded and stored with specific cues related to the context |
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Definition
| a memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one's mood |
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Definition
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Definition
impermeance of a long-term memory
(memories fade over time) |
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Term
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Definition
| graph plotting the amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material |
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Term
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Definition
| forgetting caused by lapses in attention |
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Term
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Definition
| forgetting that occurs when an item in memory cannnot be accessed or retrieved |
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Term
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Definition
| cause of forgetting by which previously stored information prevents learning and remembering new info |
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Term
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Definition
| a cause of forgetting by which newly learned info prevents retrieval of previously stored material |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of interference related to the sequence in which information related to the sequence in which info is presented |
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Term
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Definition
| a memory fault that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with teh wrong time, place, or person |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion |
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Term
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Definition
| the distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation |
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Definition
| the commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes/opinions/beliefs than we actually are |
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Definition
| memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind |
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Definition
| techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and information already in long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations |
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Term
| natural language mediators |
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Definition
| words associated with new information to be remembered |
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Term
| language acquisition device |
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Definition
| (LAD) biologically organized mental structure in the brain that facilitates teh learning of language because its innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammar |
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Term
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Definition
| the rules of a language, specifying how to use words, morphemes, and syntax to produce understandable sentences |
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Definition
| meaningful units of language that make up words |
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Term
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Definition
| applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms |
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Definition
| mental representations of categories of items or ideas, based on experience |
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Definition
| mental representations of objects and events drawn from our direct experience |
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Term
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Definition
| an ideal or mot representative example of a conceptual category |
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Definition
| concepts degined by rules |
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Term
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Definition
| levels of concepts, from most general to most specific, in which a more general level includes more specific concepts |
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Term
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Definition
| brain waves shown on the EEG in response to stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a knowledge cluster or general conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics,events, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of knowledge about sequences of events and actions expected to occur in particular settings |
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Definition
| problem-solving procedures or formulas that guarantee a correct outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to respond to a new problem in the manner used for a previous problem |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency, after learning about an event, to "second guess" or believe that oen could have predicted the event in advance |
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Definition
| the faulty heuristic caused by basing an estimate on a completely unrelated quantity |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that once things are categorized, they all share teh same characteristics as the other things in that group |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that we think theres moer of something just because we're able to think of more things of that |
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Term
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Definition
| mental process that produces novel responses that contribute to the solutions of problems |
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Definition
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Definition
| 4 part process that involves physiological arousal, subjective feelings, cognitive interpretation, and behavioral expression |
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Term
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Definition
| the permissible ways of displaying emotions in a particular society |
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Term
| lateralization of emotion |
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Definition
right hemisphere influences negative emotions
left hemisphere influences positive emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| the proposal that an emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that produces an emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that emotional feeling and internal physiological response occur at the same tiem |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that emotion results from physical arousal and an emotion-provoking stimulus |
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Term
| cognitive appraisal theory |
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Definition
| idea that ppl decide on certain emotions after an event |
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Term
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Definition
| when one emotion is triggered, another is suppressed |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the relationship between arousal and performance |
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Definition
| individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than others |
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Definition
| the ability to understand and control emotional responses |
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Definition
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Definition
| all the processes involved instarting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities |
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Definition
| biologically stimulated motivation |
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Term
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Definition
ex. money power fame
not food shelter water |
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Definition
| desire to do something for the enjoyment of it |
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Definition
| desire to do something for an external consequence, like a reward |
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Term
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Definition
| having desire to do something and being aware of the desire |
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Definition
| having a desire to do something but being unaware of the desire |
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Definition
| idea that certain behaviors are completely determined by innate factors |
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Definition
| genetically based behaviors that can be set off by a specific stimulus |
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Definition
| a biological imbalance (like dehydration) that threatens survival if left unmet |
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Definition
| the body's tendency to maintain a balanced condition |
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Definition
| an individual's sense of where his or her life incluences originate |
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Definition
(maslow) notion that needs occur in priority order
biological-->safety-->attachment/affiliation-->esteem-->self-actualization |
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Definition
| process by which external rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation (child receives money for playing video games) |
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Definition
| mental state that produces a pschyological motive to excel/reach a goal |
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Definition
| individual achievement and disctinction is the most important |
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Definition
| group loyalty and pride is more important than individual distinction |
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Definition
| body's tendency to maintain a certain level of body fat and weight |
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Definition
| a drop in extracellular fluid levels |
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Term
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Definition
| a drop in intracellular fluid levels |
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Term
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Definition
| 4-stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution |
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Term
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Definition
| socially earned ways of responding in sexual situations |
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Term
| approach-approach conflict |
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Definition
| one must choose between 2 equally attractive options |
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Term
| approach-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| one must choose between 2 choices that are both attractive and negative |
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Term
| avoidance-avoidance conflit |
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Definition
| one must choose between 2 equally unattractive options |
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Term
| multiple apprach-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| one must choose between 2 options that have both many attractive/negative aspects |
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Definition
| one's erotic attraction toward members of the same sex |
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Definition
| a physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening situation |
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Definition
| a stressful stimulus: condition demanding adaptation |
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Definition
| a situation that threaten's one's physical safety, arousing feelings of fear, horror, or helplessness |
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Term
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Definition
| delayed stress reaction in which a person involuntarily reexperiences past trauma |
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Definition
| sudden responses occur after sudden stressful situations arise |
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Definition
| continuous stressful arousal persisting over time |
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Term
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Definition
| how some people fight a situation, and how some people go away from a situation |
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Term
| general adaptation syndrome |
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Definition
| (GAS) physical responses are the same in every stressful situation |
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Term
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Definition
| first stage of GAS, body mobilizes its resources to cope with the stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| second stage of GAS, body adapts to and uses resources to cope |
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Definition
| third stage of GAS, body depletes its resources to respond to stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| stress response model saying that females naturally respond to threat by nurturing and protecing offspring and seeking social support |
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Definition
| bodily organs and responses that protect body from substances and threats |
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Definition
| studies the influence of mental states on the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| hormonelike chemicals facilitating communication between brain and immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized as intense, angry, competitive, etc |
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Definition
| characterized by relaxed, unstressful |
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Definition
| pattern of failure to respond to noxious stimuli after an organism learns its reponses are ineffective |
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