Episodic, Semantic, Procedural

ESP

Episodic

An episodic memory is like an episode of your life.

You know that CIA stands for Central Intelligence Agency, that April comes before May and that 8 · 8 = 64.

You know all of these things because of what type of memory?

Semantic

There are three types of memory: episodic, semantic & procedural.

We may use them separately, or we may use any number of them at the same time.

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval 

Yes.

1st - Encoding

2nd - Storage

3rd - Retrieval

Effective memory depends on all three processes:

Encoding, Storage and Retrieval 

This kind of encoding is a specific type of encoding in which the meaning of something (a word, phrase, picture, event, whatever) is encoded as opposed to the sound or vision of it.

What is it?

How many stages of memory are there?

What are they?

3.

Sensory Memory

Short Term Memory

Long Term Memory

Do the stages of memory have to occur in order?

If so, what order?

Yes ,they always occur in order.

1st - Sensory

2nd- Short Term

3rd - Long Term

Sensory Memory

This was on the in-class review. It is a little confusing. We can take in an unlimited amount of sensory information, so sensory memory is unlimited. It's storage is unlimited, but it is not retained for long.

an instant

(less than 2 seconds)

What two things do we know about encoding of sensory memory?

How long is the storage of sensory memory?

What is the storage capacity for sensory memories?

Information is stored for less than two seconds.

We have an unlimited capacity for storage of sensory information (but only for two seconds)

IMAGINE: You go to an apartment for the first time. As you enter, you hear your friend calling you to come quickly.You run through one room to get to your friend. As you run, you can perceive everything in the room you pass through, the wood grain of the floor, the colors of the walls and ceiling, the shapes of the objects, smells, etc (unlimited capacaity) but  (assuming you didn't see anything highly unusual) as you run into the next room you will not be able to recall what your senses perceived with much precision (storage less than two seconds).

What phenomena did this photograph capture?

What stage of memory does this phenomena occur in?

[image]

After image

After image occurs in sensory memory

It is automatic. 

Acoustic Encoding

(My notes actually say semantic, which is meaning, but that makes no sense and other places online say it's acoustic in short term and meaning or semantics in long term. 

I'm going to try to ask her about this prior to the exam.)

7 ± 2

7 chunks of information, plus or minus two. 

Our short term memory can hold 7 ± 2 chunks of information.

What is a chunk of information?

Encoding

Storage 

Retrieval

The Recency Effect

SHORT TERM MEMORY

(Because we saw or heard those items most recently)

Serial Search

For example: You're driving and get lost. You pull over and ask someone for directions. They tell you a series of roads and turns to take. You say this information over to yourself to keep it in your short term memory. When you have taken two turns you realize you don't remember the third turn. (More than 20 secs have passed.) In order to recall it you go through the whole series of directions in your head. This is a serial search. It is conscious and, unlike sensory memory retrieval, it is not automatic.

Imagine you are not opposed to using psychology to manipulate your friends. You are suggesting restaurants to go to. You list five similar choices. Where do you place the choice you hope your friends will select?

What effect explains why this is the best choice?

At the end of the list.

Recency Effect

(Having heard the last item most recently, the recency effect says this is the most likely item to be remembered.) 

What is it called when a memory fades automatically with time if not rehearsed? What stage of memory does this occur in?

Decay

Decay happens ONLY in Short Term Memory.

Interference

Interference occurs in BOTH

Short Term and Long Term Memory

We learned that in short term memory our storage capacity is 7± 2 chunks of information. What happens when we are presented with more than 7 ± 2 chunks of information?

What is this called?

We will forget one of the previous chunks of information. 

That information has been displaced by the new informaiton.

This is a form of interference. 

Long Term Memory

The recency effect is to _________term memory,

as the primacy effect is to  _________ term memory.

Short

Long

Recency effect is a phenomena of SHORT term memory

(*think RST, as in the alphabet Recency Short Term)

Primacy effect is a phenomena of LONG term memory

What is the phenomena that accounts for our ability to remember items from the beginning of a list?

What stage of memory does this occur in?

Primacy Effect

Long Term Memory

What do we call the phenomena whereby a violent or otherwise striking image is "burned" into one's memory?

What stage of memory does this image end up in?

Here is one example, the Pulitzer winning photograph taken by Nick Ut. The image had a major impact on the way Americans viewed our involvement in Vietnam. The girl in the center is screaming, on fire, her back burning with napalm. It's hard to forget this picture. 

[image]

This is called FLASH BULB MEMORY

Even a short exposure can result in a long term memory. 

A five year old

Our professor noted that children have photographic memories. Most research states that a true photographic memory is rare, and may not actually exist. Evidence suggests that what we think of as photographic memory, is more common in children. 

Maintenance Rehearsal

Elaborative Rehearsal

Students who are learning the order of operations in math are often told to remember this phrase: "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally."

This is an example of what strategy of improving memory?

You need to remember the term "neuron." In order to permanently commit the term and meaning to your memory, you look up what it means (it is a nerve cell), find out its purpose (transmit information from or to the central nervous system), look at a diagram and study its parts, and think about how it relates to things that you already know (like how different it its from other kinds of cells). You go through this process several times. What memory encoding process are you using? 

Elaborative Rehearsal

You elaborated on the information that you needed to learn. This made meaningful connections in the brain that improve retention.

Interference 

Their past knowledge is interfering with their ability to remember new rules. 

Metamemory

Meta means self

metaomemory is the self awareness of how one's memory works, or doesn't work. 

I know that I remember events in history better if I can attach them to individual people effected by them. When I study westward expansion, I read diaries of people who travelled the Oregon Trail.

My knowledge of how I learn and remember is an example of what?

Mneumonics

(silent m)

What are mnemonics?

The definition in our notes reads - "putting info into the context of something familiar".

This might be misleading because mnemonic is not a verb. A definition that makes a little more sense with the examples that were used in class is:

ANY LEARNING TECHNIQUE THAT AIDS IN INFORMATION RETENTION.

Context Dependent Memory

(The context in this case is the location)

State dependent memory. 

(His tiredness is the state in this situation. Because he is travelling we can rule out the location as a factor.)

In the library

(because of context dependent memory.) 

Peg Word System

Here is a definition from wikipedia: A Peg system is a technique for memorizing lists. It works by pre-memorizing a list of words that are easy to associate with the numbers they represent (1 to 10, 1-100, 1-1000, etc.). Those objects form the "pegs" of the system. Then in the future, to rapidly memorize a list of arbitrary objects, each one is associated with the appropriate peg. Generally, a peglist only has to be memorized one time, and can then be used over and over every time a list of items needs to be memorized.

(Who memorizes lists of arbitrary objects, I have no idea.)

A man who needs to remember to purchase a bag of onions, butter and 3 dozen eggs imagines his childhood home. He imagines that when he opens the front door, onions coming tumbling out. Then he imagines going down the hall and slipping on some butter his mom is using to polish the floor. From there he imagines going into the kitchen where three chickens are each sitting on a dozen eggs on the counter. What mnemonic device is he using?

Method of loci

Loci is plural for locus, which means place or location in Latin.

This is a method which works by associating the things to be recall with a specific location

A girl has memorized a list of words that rhyme with sounds. 

ONE. Gun

TWO. Blue

THREE. Sea

etc.

Now she must memorize the presidents of the United States in order. To begin with Washington and, Adams she imagines someone with a gun has shot through Washington's face on a dollar bill. For Adams she pictures someone choking. Their adam's apple has turned blue. etc

What is this mnemonic device called? 

Peg Word System

(it's not necessarily so morbid)

SQ3R stands for:

Survey

Question

Read

Record

Review

• The SQ3R method is used to understand and remember textbook material .

(note that the three Rs are in alphabetical order)

False

1. Exceeds attention span

2. Teacher dominates

3. Most information is forgotten

4. Taking notes interferes with thinking and understanding

Forgetting Curve

[image]

1. Better Retention

2. Longer Attention

3. Immediate understanding

4. Notes for later study 

RAIN

Read the chapter before class

Review last lecture notes before class

What are some techniques to retain lecture information that can be used during the course of the lecture?

List as many of the five as you can.

1. Write main ideas and some detail

2. Listen for clues about what's most important

3. Ask questions

4. Leave column of 2.5" on left margin

5. Use only front of page

Use the left hand 2.5" column for key recall words.

REVIEW by RECITING the meaning of the notes and testing RECALL.

Who designed the first intelligence test?

[image]

Alfred Binet

a french psychologist

Lewis Terman

[image]

Yes

HOWEVER:

Africa is a huge, diverse continent that has nearly 500 universities, none of which administer an intelligence test involving spears. The notion that people in Africa are running around with spears and equate intelligence with hunting is not only very inaccurate, it's a stereotype that perpetuates other harmful stereotypes that make our country ignorant and ethnocentric. 

What term do we use to describe the age level at which a person functions mentally or intellectually?

A child of 7 is given a number of questions. All of the questions are answered correctly by "average" 10 year olds. The child gets all of the answers correct. When asked the questions for eleven year olds, the child gets one question wrong.

 What is the child's mental age?

What is the child's IQ according to the Stanford Binet system? 

Mental age = 10 

Chronological Age = 7

                     MA    _{x 100}  = IQ

CA

10/7 x 100 = 143

                              Mental Age          _{x 100} = IQ

        Chronological Age

example:

mental age = 4

chronological age = 3

4/3 x 100 = 133

Verbal Intelligence

Practical Intelligence

Problem Solving Ability

Social Competence

(knowing how to act and interact in social situations)

It was made at Stanford University by Terman, who was inspired by Binet's test, which he translated and revised, hence the name.

Nope

(well, at least not in theory)

Pictures

[image]

When were the Wechsler Intelligence Scales first used? 

What distinguishes them from the Stanford Binet test?

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale was first used in 1949. 

It is distinguished by the fact it uses sub-tests for verbal and preformative tasks. A cumulative score is given as well as separate scores for each sub-test.

Verbal 

Preformative

WISC- R : Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised

(5-15 years old)

WAIS -R : Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Revised

(for adults)

WPPSI- Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence

(for children ages 4-6)

What two factors are good measures of a test's reliability?

1. Gives the same score as other tests which aim to measure the same capacity.
2. Gives the same results over time.

Nope.

A test can be reliable but invalid

SAT scores were intended to predict how well a student would do in college; they do not. 

Is the SAT 

A. Not valid

B. Not Reliable

Why?

A. Not Valid

If a test does not measure what it is suppossed to measure (future success in college in this case) then it is not valid. 

Yes

What is the order of classifications of mental retardation from highest functioning to lowest?

List the corresponding IQ scores.

Anything below 70 is considered retarded. 

Mild: 50-70

Moderate: 35-49

Severe: 20-34

Profound: below 20  

The top group has a range of 20.

The middle groups have a range of 14.

The lowest group has no lower limit. 

Convergent Thinking

[image]

Divergent Thinking

[image]

There is a low correlation between intelligence and creativity

Which of the following statements is true:

1. Creativity and intelligence are not connected.
2. You have to have some intelligence to be creative.
3. The more intelligent you are the more creative you are.

2.

You have to have some intelligence to be creative.

Theorist who reject the instinct theory and say that people have no instincts, say that people have 3 reflexes that promote our survival.

What are those reflexes?

Sucking

Grasping 

Rooting

[image]

It does not account for learned behaviors.

It is not testable.

Physiological need

It is the NEED that DRIVES the BEHAVIOR

In drive reduction theory, a physical need results in an imblance that results in a ___________  drive.

Physiological need

It is the NEED that DRIVES the BEHAVIOR

If our main motivation is to reduce arousal and return to homeostasis

1. Why are there people who act to increase arousal?

2. Why do we continue the behavior once the need is fulfilled?

3. Social, cultural and gender factors influence the way we respond to our needs and drives.

[image]

Arousal Theory

Incentive Theory

(an incentive is a kind of reinforcement) 

Hunger, Thirst, Sex, Sleep, Rest, Exercise, Elimination, Pain Avoidance, and Oxygen Consumption are all examples of what kind of need?

Where are these needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs? 

These are all physiological needs.

They are at the very bottom of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. 

• Shelter, protection from immediate and future danger, and protection from psychological and economic harm are needs from what level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
• According to Maslow, what need must be fulfilled before these needs will be addressed

• These are from the Safety Needs level of Maslow's Hierarchy.
• This is the second level, just above physiological needs, which must be fulfilled first. 

1. Physiological

2. Safety

3. Social

4. Esteem

5. Self Actualization

At what level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs does one have an acceptance of self and others, behave creatively, and identify with the problems of humanity?

Where is this in the pyramid

Self actualization

This is the very top of the pyramid

When someone is developing competence, knowledge, status and respect, they are what level of Maslow's Hierarchy?

Where is this level in relationship to the top of the pyramid?

Self Esteem (or Esteem)

This is the second from the top, just below self actualization

Once one's physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, what need, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, is next to be addressed?

Social or Belonging needs are fulfilled after physiological and safety needs. 

What part of the brain controls hunger?

The hypothalamus 

Anorexia Nervosa

This is rather debatable. 

70% 

(Most sources put the figure lower (50 %- 60%). AN has the highest mortality rate of all mental illness.)

Bulimia

I knew a dancer once, an older man who had been in the ballet his whole life. He said that the dance school he was teaching at had to have the plumbing replaced continually because bulimia was so pervasive. The acid from the vomit destroyed the pipes. 

Approach-Approach Conflict

Approach Avoidance