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| the small group of subjects, out of the total number available of a target population, that a researcher studies |
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| in an experiment, any factor that is measured or controlled and is capable of a change |
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| the group of participants to which an independent variable is applied |
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| in an experiment, a group of participants that is treated in the same way as the experimental group except that the experimental treatment (the independent variable) is not applied |
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| the listing and summarizing of data in a practical, efficient way such as through graphs and averages |
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| a graph similar to a bar graph except that histograms show frequency distribution by means of rectangles whose widths represent class intervals and whose areas are proportionate to the corresponding frequencies |
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| numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance |
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| the scientific, systematic study of behaviors and mental processes |
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| an infant's response in turning toward the source of touching that occurs anywhere around his or her mouth |
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| an idea or mental framework a person uses to organize and interpret information and make sense of the world. |
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| the process of fitting objects and experiences into one's schemas to deal with new situations and to understand the environment |
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| the process by which a person changes his or her old methods or schemas to adjust or deal with new situations |
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| according to piaget the principle that a given quantity does not change when its appearance is changed. |
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| the process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live |
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| the process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks redirecting a forbidden desire into a socially acceptable desire |
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| distress that is sometimes experienced by infants when they are separated from their primary caregivers |
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| animal learning, baby geese imprinting |
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| conservation, children development, cognitive development |
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| surrogate mothers, monkeys wire not wire |
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| positron emission tomography |
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| an imaging technique used to see which areas of the brain are being activated while performing tasks |
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| the bundle of nerves within the spine that runs down the length of the back and transmits most messages back and forth between the body and brain |
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| the genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring |
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| the long, thin cells that constitute he structural and functional unit of nerve tissue along which messages travel to and from the brain. |
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| the basic building blocks of heredity |
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| the chemical released by neurons which determine the rate at which other neurons fire |
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| a chemical communication system located throughout the body that uses hormones to send messages through the bloodstream to particular organs of the body |
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| computerized axial tomography |
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| an imaging technique in which low levels of X rays are passed through the brain, and a computer measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the brain cells and produces a relatively good image of the brain |
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| an individual's state of awareness including a person's feelings sensations ideas and perception |
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| a state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility |
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| a systematic narrowing of attention on an image thought bodily process or external object with the goal of clearing one's mind and producing relaxation |
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| a reduction of pain reported by patients after undergoing hypnosis |
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| the study of the relationships between sensory experiences and the physical stimuli that cause them |
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| the sense that provides information about the position and movement of individual body parts |
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| three semicircular canals located in the inner ear that provide the sense of balance |
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| a group of psychic experiences that involves perceiving or ending information outside normal sensory processes or channels includes four general abilities telepathy precognition clairvoyance and psychokinesis |
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| the study of people's tendencies to make correct judgments misses and false alarms in detecting the presence of stimuli |
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| the tendency to perceive certain objects in the same way regardless of changing angle, distance or lighting |
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| perceptions that misrepresent of a specific event or object |
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| in classical conditioning the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioning stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response |
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| a response elicited by the conditioned stimulus it is similar to the unconditioned response, but not identical in magnitude or amount |
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| a once neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
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| in classical conditioning the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response because the reinforcement is withheld or because the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus |
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| a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement |
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| a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained |
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| a stimulus that increases the likelihood that a response will occur again |
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| technique of operant conditioning in which the desired behavior is molded by first rewarding any act similar tot hat behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward |
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| an organisms automatic or natural reaction to stimulus |
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| an event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training |
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| a pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained each time |
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| the process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli |
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| the training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus |
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| a systematic application of learning principals to change peoples actions and feelings |
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| a regular sequence of biological processes such as as temperature and sleep that occurs every 24 hours |
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| a learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and in unconditioned stimulus |
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| a learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and in unconditioned stimulus |
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| a from of learning that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation |
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| a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events |
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| the training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus |
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| learning that is not demonstrated by an immediate observable change in behavior |
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| the process of learning behavior through observation and imitation of others copying behavior |
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| a form of learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in the likelihood that similar actions will occur again |
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| a system that processes and works with current information also called short term memory |
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| very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of receptor |
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| the type of memory retrieval in which a person is required to identify an object idea or situation as one he or she has or has not experienced before |
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| a memory device that creates a meaningful link between new information and material that is already known |
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| techniques of memorizing information by forming vivid associations or images which facilitate recall and decrease forgetting |
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| a forgetting process in which information that we learned earlier blocks or disrupts the retrieval of related new information |
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| placing or storing information such as images events or sounds in memory by making mental representations so the nervous system can process it |
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| an idea or mental framework a person uses to organize and interpret information and make sens of the world |
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| the fact that most people are better able to recall information presented at the beginning and end of a list |
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| the hampering of recall of learned material by the recall of other material learned more recently |
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| the type of memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material without the aid of or with very few external cues |
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| combining separate items of info into a larger unit or chunk then remembering chunks of info rather than an individual item |
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| chronological retention of the events of one's life |
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| the act of filling in memory with statements that make sense but that may be untrue |
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| a system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it |
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| a type of declarative memory consisting of factual knowledge of language including its rules words and meanings |
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| the exclusion from conscious awareness of a painful unpleasant or undesirable memory |
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| a memory device that creates a meaningful link between new information and material that is already known |
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| the alteration of a recalled memory taht may be simplified enriched or distorted depending on an individuals experiences attitudes or inferences |
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| an individual sound that is the basic structural element of language |
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| an abstract unit of thought that represents and object or quality anything that stands for or represents something else |
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| a systematic and logical attempt to reach a specific goal such as a solution to a problem |
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| a representative example of a concept |
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| the awareness of or thinking about ones own cognitive processes |
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| the smallest unit of meaning in a given language such as a prefix or suffix |
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| the set of language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences |
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| a rule of thumb problem solving strategy that reduces the number of operations or allows us to take shortcuts in solving problems |
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| a mental set characterized by the inability to imagine new uses for familiar objects |
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| the ability to overcome rigidity |
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| the free flow of images and ideas occurring with no particular goal |
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| a way to group objects events or characteristics on the basis of some common property they share |
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| a step by step procedure for solving a problem that leads to a solution |
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| the tendency to approach a new problem in a way that has been successful in the past |
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| the ability to use information invent new solutions to problems or create original and ingenious materials |
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| the study of meaning in language |
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| standards of comparison for test results developed by giving the test to large well defined groups of people. shared standards of behavior accepted by and expected from group members |
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| the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure |
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| an aspect of an intelligence test in which the wording used in questions and the experiences on which they are based may be more familiar to people of one social group that to another group |
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| the ability to perceive imagine and understand emotions and to use that information in decision making |
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| an aspect of personality with a tendency to react to a situation in a way that remains stable over time |
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| a stable characteristic that can be considered to be at the core of personality |
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| a defense coping mechanism in which a person refuses to admit that a problem exists |
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| all the consistent stable enduring and unique ways in which the behavior of one person differs from that of others |
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| an outgoing active person who directs his or her energies and interests toward other people and things |
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| an experiment in which the participants are unaware of which participants received the treatment |
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| an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment |
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| moral development moral reasoning |
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| attachment in children relationship with infant and caregiver |
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| psychedelic drugs (psychoactive) |
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| chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered consiousness |
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| process of learning to control bodily states |
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| teaching people to control a wide variety of pysiological responses with the help of machines monitoring the states to be controlled (biofeedback) |
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| the beneftis mediation provides |
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| dreams =mental house cleaning |
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| animal magnetism first to study and practice hypnosis |
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| discovered rem sleep dreaming -no function and unimportant |
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| neodissociation theory (consciousness=seperate) hidden observer |
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| an unpleasant consequence occurs and decreases the frequency of the behavior that produced it |
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| the storage of info over extended periods of time |
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| projective personality test; inkblot |
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| objective personality test |
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| scholastic assessment test a standardized test predictor of student success in college |
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| interest inventory helps people find the career profession that is right for them |
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| minnesota multiphasic personality inventory diagnoses extremem cases of pyschological disorders |
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| thematic apperception test used to assess the motivation personality and personality problems of the test taking individuals (projective personality test) |
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| computes separate 1Q scores for verbal and performance abilities (multiple scores not traditional single) |
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| California psychological inventory measures traits such as responsibility self control and tolerance predicts things like adjustment to stress leadership and job success |
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| to randomly divide the test itmes in half and score each half seperately the two sccores should be approxiamtely the same |
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| theory of multiple intelligences |
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| standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 100 is average |
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| collective unconscious archetypes |
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| inferiority complex lifestyles |
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| spcial cognitive theory observational learning |
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| behaviorism contingencies of reinforcement |
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| growh and self actualization maslow's hierarchy |
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