Term
|
Definition
| examines how people are continually developing- physically, cognitively, and socially- from infancy through old age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fertilized eggs; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |
|
|
Term
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
|
Definition
| physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adapting our current understanding to incorporate new information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stage, from birth to about 2 years, during whichi nfants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stage, from about age 2 to 6 or 7 years, during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people's ideas about their own and other's mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. |
|
|
Term
| concrete operational stage |
|
Definition
| the stage of cognitive development, from ages 6 or 7 to 11, during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically abut concrete events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stage of cognitive development, beginning at about 12, during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding the other's states of mind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explain's someone's behavior by crediting either the situation of the person's disposition. |
|
|
Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
|
Definition
| the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. |
|
|
Term
| Central route to persuasion |
|
Definition
| Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral route to persuasion |
|
Definition
| occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. |
|
|
Term
| foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon |
|
Definition
| The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive dissonance theory |
|
Definition
| we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. |
|
|
Term
| Normative Social Influence |
|
Definition
| influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. |
|
|
Term
| Informational Social Influence |
|
Definition
| influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns. |
|
|
Term
| Attention-Deificit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) |
|
Definition
| a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one of more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured, often through treatment in a hospital. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the American Psychiatric ASsociation's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, with an updated "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. |
|
|
Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
|
Definition
| Disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific objects or situation. |
|
|
Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
|
Definition
| a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions. |
|
|
Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
|
Definition
| An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psycholigcal disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic form without apparent physical cause. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rare somato-form disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interaction between a trained therapist and someone seeing to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sigmund Feud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious focuses and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature or Roger's client-centered therapy. |
|
|
Term
| Unconditional positive regard |
|
Definition
| a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive condtioning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the thing they fear and avoid. |
|
|
Term
| Systematic desensitization |
|
Definition
| a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Used to treat phobias. |
|
|
Term
| Virtual Reality Exposure therapy |
|
Definition
| an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to stimulations of their greatest fears, such a airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive-Behavior Therapy |
|
Definition
| a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members. |
|
|
Term
| Regression toward the mean |
|
Definition
| the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back toward their average. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. |
|
|
Term
| General Adaptation System (GAS) |
|
Definition
| Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three states-alarm, resistance, exhaustion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscles; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people. |
|
|
Term
| Psychophysiological illness |
|
Definition
| literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. |
|
|
Term
| Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) |
|
Definition
| The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the two types of white blood cells that are of the body's immune system; B form in bone marrrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sustained exercise that increase heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension. |
|
|
Term
| Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) |
|
Definition
| as yet unproven health care treatments intended to suuplement or serve as alternatives to conventional medicine, and which typically are not widely taught in medical schools, used in hospitals, or reimbursed by insurance companies. When research shows a therapy to be safe and effective, it usually then becomes part of accepted medical practice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Theory of Cognitive Development
-Stage theory of development
-Two processes for change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Perceiving or thinking about new objects in terms of existing knowledge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changing knowledge based on new objects or events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fail the task under ~12 months
-Infants under 1 months perservate
-appear to depend on development of the frontal lobes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if you say "np" to a large request, you'll be more likely to say "yes" to a more moderate request. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conforming because we want to be correct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conforming because we want to be liked and accepted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Earliest: trephination (drilling a hole directly into the head)
-Next: asylums (treat abnormal like criminals)
-Today: pathology model (symptoms due to an underlying cause) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Psychotherapies are not equal. Some are better than others. |
|
|
Term
| How do we define "better"? |
|
Definition
-Deny the claim
-Conduct experiments |
|
|
Term
| Characterstics of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Disorder of cognition, social isolation, hallucinations, disturbance of affect (flat affect; inappropriate affect. |
|
|
Term
| Subtypes of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
Paranoid
disorganized (silliness, incoherence)
catatonic (odd motor behavior)
undifferentiated ("none of the above") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological factors can influence whether or not yo'll develop a cold. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vague or general statements about personality that apply to nearly everyone who reads or hears the description. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the biologically and environmentally determined characteristics within the person that accounts for distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feelings, and acting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Freudian/psychodynamic (deals with 3 types of consciousness)
-jungian/type (myers-briggs; Type A or Type B)
-humanistic (free will, subjective experiences define and individual)
-behaviorist (interaction with environment, response driven)
-biological (specific brain areas; ex. phineas gage)
-dispositional/trait (enduring, stable traits that differ among individuals and influence behavior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Conscientiousness
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism
-Openness
-Extraversion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traumatic experiences that occurred in the past but continue to affect the person emotionally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually do not have an end in sight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does have an end in sight that can range in severity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the pattern of physiological, cognitive, and behavior reactions to demands that exceed a person's resources.
- Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion |
|
|
