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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 2
exam 2
57
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/16/2012

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Cards

Term
conscious self control
Definition

limited resource 

-too many things going on in our environment for us to completely control everything 

*requires effort

Term
subliminal stimuli
Definition

what most of our behavior is influenced by

-puts the mind in a specific mind set

Term
controlled processing
Definition

-voluntary

-rely on attention 

ex: studying

Term
automatic processing
Definition

-needs no attention

-involuntary

ex: walking

Term
1st stage of sleep
Definition
light sleep, slight twitching
Term
2nd stage of sleep
Definition
eye movement stops, brain waves slow, sleep spindles are present
Term
3rd stage of sleep
Definition
deep sleep begins, delta waves are present intermittenly with faster waves
Term
4th stage of sleep
Definition
almost exclusively delta waves, deep sleep
Term
alpha waves
Definition
slow brain waves, occur in a relaxed and awake state
Term
delta waves
Definition
large, slow brain waves that occur in deep sleep
Term
REM
Definition

rapid eye movement 

-vivid dreams occur, relaxed body

Term
REM rebound
Definition

- occurs when there is sleep deprivation

-lengthened, deeper, increasingly frequent REM occurs in the sleep cycle

Term
manifest content of dreams
Definition
surface meanings
Term
latent content of dreams
Definition
deep, root meaning of dreams
Term
4 perspectives on dreams 
Definition

-dreams fulfill unconcious wishes/ desires

-dreams reflect current concious concerns

-dreams are interpretations of random activty

-dreams help us integrate complex info

Term
Unconditioned Stimuli
Definition

UCS

naturally triggers a response

Term
Conditioned Stimuli
Definition
triggers a response after an association with UCS is made
Term
Unconditioned Response 
Definition

UCR

natural response to UCS

Term
Conditioned Response 
Definition

CR

learned response 

Term
extinction
Definition

repeated presence of CS with out UCS

*no longer makes association 

Term
generalization
Definition

CS evoke similiar responses after being conditioned 

ex: white rabbit and white rat would conjure same response 

Term
shaping 
Definition
form of an existing response is gradually changed
Term
 positive reinforcer 
Definition

ADDING somethig in order to create a response 

ex: a dog treat

Term
negative reinforcer
Definition

SUBTRACTING something bad away to create a response

ex: mom nagging about chores

Term
punishment
Definition
ADDING something ADVERSE in order to decrease the frequency of a behavior 
Term
continuous reinforcement 
Definition
every time something occurs the reinforcement is used 
Term
intermittent reinforcement 
Definition
applied on an irregular basis
Term
FIXED interval schedule
Definition
reinforced after a specific # of times it occurs
Term
FIXED ratio schedule
Definition
reinforced after a specific # of behaviors
Term
VARIABLE interval schedule 
Definition
reinforced after a variable amount of time
Term
VARIABLE ratio schedule
Definition
reinforced after a variable # of behaviors
Term
latent learning 
Definition
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate 
Term
over justification effect
Definition
if you pay someone to do something they like they will probably stop liking it 
Term
observational learning 
Definition
learn by observing 
Term
encoding
Definition
absorb info
Term
storage 
Definition
hold on to info
Term
retrieval 
Definition
getting info when it is needed
Term
rehearsal 
Definition
audio repition of info
Term
short term memory 
Definition
20- 30 seconds 
Term
long term memory
Definition

explicit

-semantic: facts/ figures 

-episodic: memory of event

Term
semantic memory
Definition

 facts/ figures 

 

Term
episodic memory
Definition

memory of event

Term
serial position effect
Definition
remembering the first and last thing on a list
Term
primary recency effect 
Definition

primary: first always easier

recency: last item

Term
spacing effect
Definition
space out learning of material over time
Term
mneumonics 
Definition
device used to memorize shit
Term
explicit memory
Definition
an event 
Term
implicit memory
Definition
procedure/ how to do something
Term
recall
Definition
retrieve info that was learned earlier
Term
recognition
Definition
identifying info previously learned 
Term
context effects 
Definition
given stimulus triggers radically different perceptions (room, exam)
Term
mood congruent memory 
Definition
tendency to recall experiences consistent with current mood
Term
misinformation effect
Definition
incorporating misleading info into ones memory
Term
representative heuristic
Definition
 made about judgements about the probability of an event under uncertainty
Term
availability heuristic 
Definition
mental short cut when people make judgements about the probability of an event 
Term
framing effects
Definition
people react differently to a particular choice depending in whether it is presented as a loss or gain
Term
belief bias
Definition

cognitive bias in which people evaluate the validity of a given conclusion 

-accept or reject depending on consistency of their personal beliefs/ knowledge

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