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| The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. |
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| Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. |
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| (ACh) a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction. |
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| A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. |
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| Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas. |
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| The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. |
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| The brain and spinal cord. |
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| Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. |
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| a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning. |
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| The principle (Which PIaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. |
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| The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. |
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| The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. |
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| The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. |
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| The processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning. |
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| "Morphine within" - natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. |
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| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
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| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |
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| The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
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| An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. |
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| Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |
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| The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.(Also known as the I-Knew-It-All-Along phenomenon) |
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| A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. |
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| Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another. |
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| A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. |
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| A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion. |
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| The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. |
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| Founder of Classical Conditioning - ______'s Dogs. |
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| Responsible for the "Baby Albert" experiment. |
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| Destruction of brain tissue experimentally or naturally caused. |
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| The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills,and experiences. |
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| Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. |
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| The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. |
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| Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
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| A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. |
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| Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing stimuli, such as shock. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. |
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| A never cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. |
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| Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. |
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