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Definition
| the study of continuity and change across the life span |
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| a single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and egg |
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Definition
| the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception |
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Definition
| the period of prenatal development that lasts from the second week to until about the eighth week |
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Definition
| the period of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week until birth |
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Definition
| the formation of a fatty sheath around axons of a brain cell |
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Definition
| agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses |
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Definition
| a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy |
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Definition
| the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months |
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Definition
| the emergence of the ability to execute physical action |
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Definition
| specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation |
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| the "top-to-bottom" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet |
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Definition
| the "inside-to-outside" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery |
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Definition
| the emergence of the ability to understand the world |
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Definition
| a stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it |
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| theories about or models of the way the world works |
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Definition
| the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations |
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Definition
| the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information |
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Definition
| the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible |
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Definition
| the stage of development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts until adolescence |
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Definition
| the stage of development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, in which children have preliminary understanding of the physical world |
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| the stage of development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, in which children acquire a basic understanding of the physical world and a preliminary understanding of their own and others' minds |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invarian despite changes in the object's appearance |
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Definition
| the stage of development that begins at the age of 11 and lasts through adulthood, in which children gain a deeper understanding of their own and others' minds and learn to reason abstractly |
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Definition
| the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers |
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Definition
| the idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation, which gives rise to the realization that the world is not always the way it looks and different people see it differently |
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Definition
| the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers |
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Definition
| a behavioral test developed by mary ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style |
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| internal working model of attachment |
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Definition
| a set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure |
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Definition
| characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity |
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Definition
| a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor |
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Definition
| a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is primarily determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values |
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Definition
| the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (about 18 to 21 years of age) |
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Definition
| the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity |
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| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction |
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Definition
| the stage of development that begins at 18 to 21 years and ends at death |
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Definition
| an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking and feeling |
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Definition
| a series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state. |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI |
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Definition
| a well researched clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems |
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Definition
| a standards series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual's personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| a projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his/her personality structure |
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Term
| thematic apperception test TAT |
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Definition
| a projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives concerns and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way |
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Definition
| the traits of the five-factor model: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion |
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Definition
| an approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires. largely operating outside of awareness - motives that can also produce emotional disorders |
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Definition
| an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces |
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Definition
| the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives. |
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Definition
| the psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse |
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Definition
| the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demands |
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Definition
| the regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the real world |
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Definition
| the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority. |
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Definition
| unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves supplying a reasonable sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal (mostly from oneself) one's underlying motives or feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group. |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism in which the go deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of developement |
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Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative. |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope. |
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Term
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Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and cultural enhancing activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasure from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures. |
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Term
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which a person's pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck, or arrested at a particular psychosexual stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| the first psychosexual stage, in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed. |
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Term
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Definition
| the second psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces, and urine, and toilet training. |
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Term
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Definition
| the third psychosexual stage during which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic genital region as well as powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental experience in which a child's conflicting feelings twd the opposite sex parent is usually resolved by identifying with the same sex parent. |
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Term
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Definition
| the fourth psychosexual stage in which the primary focus is on the further developmental of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills |
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Term
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Definition
| the final psychosexual stage, a time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner. |
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Term
| self-actualizing tendency |
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Definition
| the human motive twd realizing our inner potential |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| an attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance twd another person |
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Term
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Definition
| a school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death. |
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Term
| social cognitive approach |
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Definition
| an approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them. |
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Term
| person-situation controversy |
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Definition
| the question of whether behavior is cause more by personality or by situational factors. |
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Definition
| dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self concept |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which an individual like, values, and accepts the self. |
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Term
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Definition
| people's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures |
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Definition
| a trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior whose purpose is to harm another |
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Term
| frustration-aggression principle |
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Definition
| a principle stating that people aggress when their goals are thwarted |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit |
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Definition
| behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which evolution selects for genes that cause individuals to provide benefits to their relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future |
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Definition
| a collection of two or more people who believe they have something in common |
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Definition
| a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership |
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Definition
| positive or negative behavior towards another person based on their group membership |
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Term
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Definition
| a human category of which a person is a member |
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Definition
| a human category of which a person is not a member |
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Definition
| a phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values |
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Definition
| the tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than alone |
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Definition
| the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation |
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Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way |
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Definition
| the tendency for a group's initial leaning to get stronger over time |
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Definition
| the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure |
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Definition
| an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction |
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Definition
| an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well being |
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Definition
| the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits |
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Definition
| the cost-to-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal |
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Definition
| the control of one person's behavior by another |
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Definition
| learning that occurs when one person observes another person being rewarded or punished |
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Definition
| a customary standard for behavior that is widely shared by members of a culture |
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Definition
| a phenomenon whereby one person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is appropriate |
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Definition
| the norm that people should benefit those who have benefited them |
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Term
| door-in-the-face technique |
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Definition
| a strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior |
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Definition
| the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it |
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Definition
| a phenomenon whereby a person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is good or true |
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Definition
| a phenomenon that occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person |
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Definition
| a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to reason |
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Definition
| a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion |
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| foot-in-the-door technique |
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Definition
| a strategy that uses a person's desire for consistency to influence that a person's behavior |
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Definition
| an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs |
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Definition
| the process by which people come to understand others |
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Definition
| the process by which people identify a stimulus as a member of a class of related stimuli |
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Definition
| the process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong |
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Definition
| a phenomenon that occurs when observers perceive what they expect to perceive |
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Definition
| a phenomenon whereby observers bring about what they expect to perceive |
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Definition
| an inference about the cause of a person's behavior |
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Definition
| the tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation |
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Definition
| the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others |
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